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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>3 Méthode et outils | Étude globale de l’étang lagunaire du Curnic en vue de renforcer ses capacités épuratoire et d’accueil de la biodiversité remarquable</title>
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<ul class="summary">
<li><img src="./figures/curnic-graphic.png" style="padding: 15px;margin-left:20px;" width="200"></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Résumé</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="remerciements.html"><a href="remerciements.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Remerciements</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="sommaire.html"><a href="sommaire.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Sommaire</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#contexte-de-létude"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Contexte de l’étude</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Présentation du site</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#géographie-physique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Géographie physique</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#sec-geol"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Géologie, lithologie et contexte structural</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#geomorpho"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Géomorphologie</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#condition-édaphique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Condition édaphique</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#climato"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> Climatologie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#les-données-climatiques-utilisées"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4.1</b> Les données climatiques utilisées</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#précipitations-et-températures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4.2</b> Précipitations et températures</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#hydrologie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5</b> Hydrologie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#res-hydro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.1</b> Le réseau hydrographique</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#les-aquifères-la-nappe-phréatique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.2</b> Les aquifères la nappe phréatique</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.2.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#les-aquifères-en-présence"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.2.1</b> Les aquifères en présence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.2.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#debit-nappe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.2.2</b> Débit de la nappe</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.2.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#contribution-aux-débits-cours-deau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.2.3</b> Contribution aux débits cours d’eau</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#bilan-hydrique-du-bassin-versant"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.3</b> Bilan hydrique du bassin versant</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5.4" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#sec-debit-litt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5.4</b> Le débit des cours d’eau dans la littérature</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#ecologie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Écologie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#habitats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Habitats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#espèces"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Espèces</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#géographie-humaine"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Géographie humaine</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#une-brève-histoire-du-marais-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Une brève histoire du marais du Curnic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#les-cadres-réglementaires"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Les cadres réglementaires</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#un-territoire-à-tradition-maraîchère"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.3</b> Un territoire à tradition maraîchère</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> L’étang du Curnic</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#assises-theoriques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Assises théoriques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#fonctionnement-physique-dune-lagune"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.1</b> Fonctionnement physique d’une lagune</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#production-primaire-et-biodiversité"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.2</b> Production primaire et biodiversité</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#cycle-biogeochimique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.3</b> Les cycles biogéochimiques</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.4" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#sec-eutro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.4</b> Le phénomène d’eutrophisation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.4.1" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#sec-eutro-bret"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.4.1</b> Bretagne, marées vertes et politiques</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1.5" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#cap-epur"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1.5</b> Capacité épuratoire des lagunes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#études-antérieures-en-lien-avec-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Études antérieures en lien avec l’étang du Curnic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.3" data-path="présentation-du-site.html"><a href="présentation-du-site.html#histoire-de-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.3</b> Histoire de l’étang du Curnic</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Méthode et outils</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#travail-bibliographique-et-état-de-lart-des-connaissances-sur-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Travail bibliographique et état de l’art des connaissances sur l’étang du Curnic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#sec-protocole"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Les protocoles d’acquisition de données</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-climatique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Contexte climatique</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#propriété-physico-chimique-de-leau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Propriété physico-chimique de l’eau</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#analyse-deau-par-laboratoire"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2.1</b> Analyse d’eau par laboratoire</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2.2" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#bandelette-nitrates"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2.2</b> Bandelette nitrates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2.3" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#sonde-multiparamètre"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2.3</b> Sonde multiparamètre</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2.4" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#sec-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2.4</b> La sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#outils-dacquisition-des-données-hydrauliques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Outils d’acquisition des données hydrauliques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#debit"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3.1</b> Vélocimètre</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3.2" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#sonde-autonome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3.2</b> Sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-physique-de-létang"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4</b> Contexte physique de l’étang</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#methode-bathymetrie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4.1</b> Bathymétrie et topographie des sédiments</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.5" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-physique-du-marais"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.5</b> Contexte physique du marais</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.5.1" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#la-topographie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.5.1</b> La topographie</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.6" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#diagnostic-piscicole"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.6</b> Diagnostic piscicole</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="methode-et-outils.html"><a href="methode-et-outils.html#traitement-des-données"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Traitement des données</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Résultats</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#les-paramètres-physico-chimique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Les paramètres physico-chimique</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#lazote"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> L’azote</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#sec-res-azote-global"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.1</b> Azote global</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#azote-kjeldahl"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.2</b> Azote kjeldahl</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-nitrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.3</b> Nitrate</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.3.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#comparaison-entre-les-deux-méthodes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.3.1</b> Comparaison entre les deux méthodes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.3.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#résultats-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.3.2</b> Résultats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.3.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#campagne-sur-le-bassin-versant"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.3.3</b> Campagne sur le bassin versant</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1.4" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#nitrite"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1.4</b> Nitrite</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#phosphore"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> Phosphore</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-phos-tot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2.1</b> Phosphore total</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-orthophos"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2.2</b> Orthophosphate</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#paramètres-physiques-de-leau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> Paramètres physiques de l’eau</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#la-température-de-leau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.1</b> La température de l’eau</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.1.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#sec-temp-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.1.1</b> Température de l’eau à la sonde autonome</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.1.1.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#modélisation-du-signal-de-température-à-la-sonde-autonome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.1.1.1</b> Modélisation du signal de température à la sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-conduc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.2</b> Conductivité</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.2.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#conductivité-mesurée-à-laide-de-la-sonde-multiparamètre"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.2.1</b> Conductivité mesurée à l’aide de la sonde multiparamètre</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.2.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#sec-conduc-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.2.2</b> Conductivité à la sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#tds-et-salinité"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3.3</b> TDS et salinité</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#hydrologie-et-hydrodynamique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Hydrologie et hydrodynamique</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#sec-h-eau-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> Les variations du niveau d’eau</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#bilan-hydrologique"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.2</b> Bilan hydrologique</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-tps-resi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.3</b> Temps de résidence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#les-débits-entrants-leau-douce"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4</b> Les débits entrants : l’eau douce</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#débits-mesurés-au-vélocimètre"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4.1</b> Débits mesurés au vélocimètre</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.4.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#res-debit-extrapo"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.4.2</b> Débits calculés par extrapolation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.5" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#les-débits-entrants-leau-de-mer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.5</b> Les débits entrants : l’eau de mer</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#bilan-et-flux-des-nutriments"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Bilan et flux des nutriments</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#flux-n"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> Flux, bilan et abattement de l’azote</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#flux-bilan-et-abattement-du-phosphore"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> Flux, bilan et abattement du phosphore</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#contexte-physique-de-létang-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Contexte physique de l’étang</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#la-bathymétrie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> La bathymétrie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#bathymétrie-de-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1.1</b> Bathymétrie de l’étang du Curnic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#bathymétrie-du-canal-de-lalanan"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1.2</b> Bathymétrie du canal de l’Alanan</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#topographie-des-sédiments"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> Topographie des sédiments</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#épaisseur-des-sédiments-dans-létang"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2.1</b> Épaisseur des sédiments dans l’étang</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2.2" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#épaisseur-des-sédiments-dans-le-canal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2.2</b> Épaisseur des sédiments dans le canal</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.3" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#sédimentologie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.3</b> Sédimentologie</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#contexte-physique-du-marais-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Contexte physique du marais</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#topographie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Topographie</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#écologie"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Écologie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6.1" data-path="résultats.html"><a href="résultats.html#diagnostic-piscicole-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6.1</b> Diagnostic piscicole</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Discussion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#synthèse-du-fonctionnement-de-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Synthèse du fonctionnement de l’étang du Curnic</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#fonctionnement-physique-létang-du-curnic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Fonctionnement physique l’étang du Curnic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#un-abattement-important-de-lazote-non-sans-conséquence-pour-les-milieux"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Un abattement important de l’azote non sans conséquence pour les milieux</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#la-biodiversité"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> La biodiversité</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#vers-une-gestion-active-de-leutrophisation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Vers une gestion active de l’eutrophisation ?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#le-modèle-kervigen"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Le modèle <em>Kervigen</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#gest-ouv-clapets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Ouverture permanente des clapets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="discussion.html"><a href="discussion.html#maintien-du-système"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Maintien du système</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="limites-et-perspectives.html"><a href="limites-et-perspectives.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Limites et perspectives</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="limites-et-perspectives.html"><a href="limites-et-perspectives.html#limites"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Limites</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="limites-et-perspectives.html"><a href="limites-et-perspectives.html#perspectives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Perspectives</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="conclusion.html"><a href="conclusion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="références.html"><a href="références.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Références</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-matières.html"><a href="table-des-matières.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Table des matières</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Table des figures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#présentation-du-site-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Présentation du site</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#méthode-et-outils"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Méthode et outils</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#résultats-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Résultats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#discussion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#annexe-a-calcul-de-lévapotranspiration-et-de-lévaporation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Annexe A : Calcul de l’évapotranspiration et de l’évaporation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="table-des-figures.html"><a href="table-des-figures.html#annexe-b-modélisation-des-signaux-à-la-sonde-autonome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Annexe B : Modélisation des signaux à la sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>ANNEXES</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="an-evapo.html"><a href="an-evapo.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> Calcul de l’évapotranspiration et de l’évaporation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> Modélisation des signaux à la sonde autonome</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#méthode"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> Méthode</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1.1" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#les-variables-explicatives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1.1</b> Les variables explicatives</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1.2" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#moyenne-mobile"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1.2</b> Moyenne mobile</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1.3" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#detrend"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1.3</b> <em>Detrend</em></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1.4" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#différenciation-du-signal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1.4</b> Différenciation du signal</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1.5" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#modèle-linéaire-généralisé-glm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1.5</b> Modèle Linéaire Généralisé (GLM)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#résultats-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> Résultats</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.1" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#hauteur-deau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.1</b> Hauteur d’eau</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.2" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#mod-conduc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.2</b> Conductivité</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.3" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#température"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.3</b> Température</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.4" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#conclusion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.4</b> Conclusion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2.5" data-path="an-modelisation.html"><a href="an-modelisation.html#pistes-damélioration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2.5</b> Pistes d’amélioration</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C</b> Tableaux des statistiques descriptives élémentaires</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#concentrations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1</b> Concentrations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-n-tot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.1</b> Concentration en azote global</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-n-kje"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.2</b> Concentration en azote kjeldahl</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.3" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-no3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.3</b> Concentration en nitrate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.4" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-no2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.4</b> Concentration en nitrite</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.5" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-p-tot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.5</b> Concentration en phosphore total</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1.6" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-po4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1.6</b> Concentration en orthophosphate</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#paramètres-physiques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2</b> Paramètres physiques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-temp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.1</b> Température</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-temp-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.2</b> Température à la sonde autonome</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.3" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-conduc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.3</b> Conductivité sonde multiparamètre</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2.4" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-conduc-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2.4</b> Conductivité sonde autonome</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.3" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#hydrologie-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.3</b> Hydrologie</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.3.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-h-eau-sonde-auto"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.3.1</b> Hauteur d’eau</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.3.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-debits"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.3.2</b> Débits</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.4" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#flux-dazote"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.4</b> Flux d’azote</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.4.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#flux-de-nitrate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.4.1</b> Flux de nitrate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.4.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#flux-dazote-dans-le-nitrate-n-no3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.4.2</b> Flux d’azote dans le nitrate (N-NO3)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-contexte-phys"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5</b> Contexte physique de l’étang</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5.1" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-bathy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5.1</b> Bathymétrie de l’étang</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5.2" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-bathy-canal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5.2</b> Bathymétrie du canal de l’Alanan</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5.3" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-sedim"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5.3</b> Topographie du sédiment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5.4" data-path="annexe-tab.html"><a href="annexe-tab.html#tab-sedim-canal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5.4</b> Topographie du sédiment dans le canal de l’Alanan</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="D" data-path="sec-poster.html"><a href="sec-poster.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D</b> Poster</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><img src="./figures/logos.png" style="padding: 15px;" width="280"></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown" target="blank">Publié avec bookdown<br></a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="book-body">
<div class="body-inner">
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Étude globale de l’étang lagunaire du Curnic en vue de renforcer ses capacités épuratoire et d’accueil de la biodiversité remarquable</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-">
<div id="methode-et-outils" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="3">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Méthode et outils<a href="methode-et-outils.html#methode-et-outils" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<p>Le travail s’est organisé en trois axes : un premier, bibliographique, constitué d’un état de l’art des connaissances actuelles du fonctionnement de l’étang du Curnic et du fonctionnement global des systèmes lagunaires et des problématiques dystrophiques qui leur sont associées ; un deuxième constitué d’analyses statistiques et, en filigrane des deux axes précédents, un travail d’acquisition de données sur le terrain.</p>
<div id="travail-bibliographique-et-état-de-lart-des-connaissances-sur-létang-du-curnic" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="3.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Travail bibliographique et état de l’art des connaissances sur l’étang du Curnic<a href="methode-et-outils.html#travail-bibliographique-et-état-de-lart-des-connaissances-sur-létang-du-curnic" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Un premier travail bibliographique a porté sur la connaissance des systèmes lagunaires dans leur globalité. Ainsi des recherches ont été conduites sur les aspects hydrodynamiques, écologiques, biologiques, physico-chimiques, biogéochimiques et de gestion des lagunes. L’outil de recherche bibliographique <a href="https://www.scopus.com/home.uri">Scopus</a> a été utilisé.</p>
<p>Un état de l’art des connaissances concernant l’étang du Curnic a également été mené.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-protocole" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="3.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> Les protocoles d’acquisition de données<a href="methode-et-outils.html#sec-protocole" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Le comité de pilotage (COPIL) du site Natura 2000 du 9 mai 2022 a permis de rappeler les questionnements spécifiques de l’étude, nous les reproduisons ci-dessous :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Doit-on modifier des franchissements en faveur de la Loutre d’Europe ?</p></li>
<li><p>De quelles espèces est constituée la population piscicole ? Et dans quel état est-elle ?</p></li>
<li><p>La tourbière et les prairies humides ont-elles un rôle épuratoire vis-à-vis du bassin versant ?</p></li>
<li><p>L’Alanan est-il l’apport majeur des nitrates vers l’étang ?</p></li>
<li><p>L’étang joue-t-il vraiment un rôle épuratoire conséquent ?</p></li>
<li><p>Quel volume d’eau l’étang peut-il accueillir ?</p></li>
<li><p>La roselière peut-elle permettre un reméandrage de l’Alanan ? Cela permettra-t-il de renforcer le processus épuratoire ?</p></li>
<li><p>Comment fluctuent la température et la conductivité dans l’étang ? Existe-il un fonctionnement par secteurs ?</p></li>
<li><p>Comment circulent les eaux (eau douce et eau de mer) dans l’étang ?</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Afin de répondre à ces questionnements, des protocoles ont été mis en place et des études ont été conduites. Pour certaines problématiques, il a été décidé de faire appel à un bureau d’étude ou à des collaborateurs.</p>
<p>Le tableau ci-dessous récapitule les protocoles, outils et études pour chaque thématique abordée dans le cadre de ce projet ainsi que les indicateurs associés.</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<col width="27%" />
<col width="46%" />
<col width="26%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Thématiques</th>
<th>Outils</th>
<th>Indicateurs</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Propriétés physico-chimique de l’eau</td>
<td><ul>
<li><p>Sonde autonome</p></li>
<li><p>Sonde multiparamètre mobile</p></li>
<li><p>Analyse en laboratoire</p></li>
<li><p>Bandelette nitrate</p></li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li><p>Azote global</p></li>
<li><p>Azote organique et ammoniacale</p></li>
<li><p>Concentration en nitrates</p></li>
<li><p>Concentration en nitrites</p></li>
<li><p>Concentration en orthophosphate</p></li>
<li><p>Phosphore global</p></li>
<li><p>Salinité</p></li>
<li><p>Conductivité (et résistivité)</p></li>
<li><p>Température de l’eau</p></li>
<li><p>TDS (<em>Total Disolved Solid)</em></p></li>
<li><p>Pression</p></li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Hydrodynamique</td>
<td><ul>
<li><p>Sonde autonome</p></li>
<li><p>Vélocimètre</p></li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li><p>Niveau d’eau</p></li>
<li><p>Débit</p></li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Contexte physique de l’étang</td>
<td><ul>
<li>Scop AQUABIO</li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li>Bathymétrie</li>
<li>Topographie des sédiments</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Contexte physique du marais</td>
<td><ul>
<li>Collaboration avec le laboratoire LETG</li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li>Topographie</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Contexte climatique</td>
<td><ul>
<li>Pluviomètre à la station d’épuration de Guissény / Kerlouan</li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li>Pluviométrie</li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Diagnostic piscicole</td>
<td><ul>
<li>Scop AQUABIO</li>
</ul></td>
<td><ul>
<li><p>Espèces en présence</p></li>
<li><p>État de santé de la population</p></li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>La figure <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:lef-loc">3.1</a> présente l’ensemble des points de mesures/prélèvement par protocoles.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:lef-loc"></span>
<div id="htmlwidget-19e4b5a34b777bde411d" style="width:672px;height:480px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
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<p class="caption">
Figure 3.1: Localisation de l’ensemble des points de mesure-prélèvement. Il s’agit d’une carte interactive, vous pouvez choisir le fond de carte de votre choix et décocher les couches que vous souhaitez ; il est possible de cliquer sur les points, une infobulle s’affichera
</p>
</div>
<div id="contexte-climatique" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.1</span> Contexte climatique<a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-climatique" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Nous avons présenté les données utilisées dans la section <a href="présentation-du-site.html#climato">2.1.4</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="propriété-physico-chimique-de-leau" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.2</span> Propriété physico-chimique de l’eau<a href="methode-et-outils.html#propriété-physico-chimique-de-leau" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>L’objectif est d’évaluer la qualité de l’eau et l’évolution des concentrations/flux en nutriments entre le bassin versant, le réseau du marais et l’étang au cours d’une année ; caractériser l’évolution des températures et de la salinité selon les conditions de marées et les saisons et mieux comprendre les éléments biotiques et abiotiques qui influencent ces fluctuations physico-chimiques.</p>
<p>Concernant la qualité de l’eau, deux méthodes d’acquisition de données sont utilisées : l’analyse en laboratoire et les bandelettes nitrate.</p>
<div id="analyse-deau-par-laboratoire" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.2.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.2.1</span> Analyse d’eau par laboratoire<a href="methode-et-outils.html#analyse-deau-par-laboratoire" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>Afin d’évaluer les teneurs de différentes formes de l’azote et du phosphore, des prélèvements d’eau sont réalisés à l’embouchure du drain principal du marais dans l’étang (point 2) et à l’exutoire de ce dernier (point 1) (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-prelev-debit">3.2</a>).</p>
<p>Dans la mesure du possible, les prélèvements sont réalisés le même jour afin de parer au biais engendré par les variations temporelles des concentrations. L’heure est quant à elle sélectionnée en fonction de la marée de telle sorte à prélever dans des conditions similaires. Les lendemains de fortes précipitations sont également évités afin de ne pas obtenir de valeurs extrêmes. Les échantillons sont ensuite transmis au laboratoire Labocea où les éléments suivants sont mesurés : azote total, nitrates, nitrites, l’azote kjeldahl, orthophosphates et phosphore total.</p>
<p>Dans le cadre du suivi de la qualité de l’eau réalisé par le Syndicat Mixte du Bas-Léon, le service environnement de la mairie de Guissény a produit une demande, en passant par la Communauté Lesneven Côte des Légendes (CLCL), pour accorder le nombre de prélèvements, la rythmicité et les éléments analysés qu’il réalise au lieu-dit Cléguer (point 5) avec ceux réalisés dans le cadre de cette étude.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:map-loc-prelev-debit"></span>
<img src="figures/map.loc_prelev_debit.png" alt="Localisation des points de prélèvement et de mesure" width="1754" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.2: Localisation des points de prélèvement et de mesure
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bandelette-nitrates" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.2.2">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.2.2</span> Bandelette nitrates<a href="methode-et-outils.html#bandelette-nitrates" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>Pour compléter la connaissance des flux en nitrate, desde bandelettes nitrate sont utilisées pour les points 1, 2, 3, 4 et 5 (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-bande">3.4</a>).</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:pic-bandelettes"></span>
<img src="figures/pic.bandelettes.jpg" alt="Carte *Deltares* et bandelette nitrate" width="178" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.3: Carte <em>Deltares</em> et bandelette nitrate
</p>
</div>
<p>Le système utilisé est celui de la marque <em>Deltares</em> médiatisée par l’application <em>Nitrate app.</em> L’incertitude calculée est de 8 % (laboratoire géosciences de Rennes).</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:map-loc-bande"></span>
<img src="figures/map.loc_bande.png" alt="Localisation des points de mesure des bandelettes nitrate" width="1754" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.4: Localisation des points de mesure des bandelettes nitrate
</p>
</div>
<p>Deux campagnes (04/07/2022 et 04/08/2022) sur l’ensemble du bassin versant ont également été effectuées afin de posséder une première image des concentrations en nitrates sur celui-ci (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:lef-loc">3.1</a>).</p>
</div>
<div id="sonde-multiparamètre" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.2.3">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.2.3</span> Sonde multiparamètre<a href="methode-et-outils.html#sonde-multiparamètre" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>La sonde multiparamètre permet d’acquérir des données de conductivité (et conductivité absolue), de salinité, de pression dans l’eau et dans l’air, de TDS (<em>Total Disolved Solid</em>) ainsi que de température. La sonde utilisée est le modèle HI98199 de la marque <em>Hanna Instruments</em>. Les points mesurés sont situés à la fois dans l’étang et dans le marais (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-conduc">3.6</a>).</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:pic-sonde-multi"></span>
<img src="figures/pic.sonde_multi.png" alt="Mesure avec la sonde multiparamètre" width="1112" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.5: Mesure avec la sonde multiparamètre
</p>
</div>
<p>L’objectif est de caractériser le gradient de salinité horizontale dans l’étang afin d’identifier l’ampleur de l’influence de la marée et du coin salé dans le système.</p>
<p>Les mesures ont été effectuées une fois par mois depuis le 14 octobre 2021.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:map-loc-conduc"></span>
<img src="figures/map.loc_conduc.png" alt="Localisation des points de mesure de la conductivité" width="1754" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.6: Localisation des points de mesure de la conductivité
</p>
</div>
<p>Un protocole a été ajouté au cours de l’étude afin de caractériser plus finement l’influence de la marée. Dix points ont été ajoutés aux initiaux, ils sont cartographiés dans la figure (<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-conduc">3.6</a>). Un échantillonnage stratifié<a href="#fn22" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref22"><sup>22</sup></a> a été utilisé. Au total, quatre sessions ont été effectuées pour des contextes de marées basses et hautes par coefficient de mortes-eaux et de vives-eaux.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-sonde-auto" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.2.4">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.2.4</span> La sonde autonome<a href="methode-et-outils.html#sec-sonde-auto" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>Une sonde autonome a été placée le 1 juin 2021 à l’exutoire de l’étang (point 6, fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-conduc">3.6</a>). Le modèle utilisé est le <em>CTD</em> de la marque <em>OTT</em>. Elle mesure le niveau d’eau, la conductivité, la salinité, les TDS et la température tous les quarts d’heure et moyenne les résultats toutes les demi-heures. Les mesures sont enregistrées à une hauteur comprise entre 15 et 20 cm au-dessus de la surface du sédiment.</p>
<p>L’objectif est de quantifier l’ensemble des influences à la fois marines et continentales sur les indicateurs mesurés à l’exutoire dans l’objectif de modéliser son fonctionnement hydrodynamique et physico-chimique.</p>
<p>La sonde a été déplacée le 28 juillet 2022 au point 12, au sud de l’étang (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-conduc">3.6</a>).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outils-dacquisition-des-données-hydrauliques" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.3</span> Outils d’acquisition des données hydrauliques<a href="methode-et-outils.html#outils-dacquisition-des-données-hydrauliques" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div id="debit" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.3.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.3.1</span> Vélocimètre<a href="methode-et-outils.html#debit" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>Les mesures de débit ont été réalisées au vélocimètre. Le modèle utilisé est le <em>FW01</em> de la marque <em>COMETEC</em>, la sensibilité théorique minimum de l’instrument est de 0,1 <span class="math inline">\(m.s^{-1}\)</span>.</p>
<p>Les données de débits permettront de calculer le bilan hydrique de l’étang et de déterminer les flux en éléments chimiques.</p>
<p>Trois sections sont mesurées, une à l’exutoire (point 1), une à l’exutoire du drain principal du marais, au sud de l’étang (point 2) et une au lieu-dit “Cléguer” avant son passage sous la route (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:map-loc-prelev-debit">3.2</a>).</p>
<p>Le protocole utilisé est celui de l’Office National de l’Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques <span class="citation">(<a href="#ref-le_coz_controdebits_2011" role="doc-biblioref">Le Coz <em>et al.</em>, 2011</a>)</span> (fig. <a href="methode-et-outils.html#fig:onema-methodo">3.7</a>). Les débits ont été calculés à l’aide de la méthode de la section médiane.</p>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center"><span style="display:block;" id="fig:onema-methodo"></span>
<img src="figures/onema_methodo.png" alt=" Exemple de répartition des points de mesure dans la section de jaugeage pour une section large. ONEMA, 2011" width="275" />
<p class="caption">
Figure 3.7: Exemple de répartition des points de mesure dans la section de jaugeage pour une section large. ONEMA, 2011
</p>
</div>
<p>Les débits sont mesurés une fois par mois en hiver et deux fois par mois au printemps et en été. Les débits (<span class="math inline">\(Q\)</span>) sont exprimés en <span class="math inline">\(m^{3}.s^{-1}\)</span>.</p>
</div>
<div id="sonde-autonome" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.3.2">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.3.2</span> Sonde autonome<a href="methode-et-outils.html#sonde-autonome" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>La sonde autonome calcule la variation du niveau d’eau à l’exutoire de l’étang. L’outil est présenté dans la section <a href="methode-et-outils.html#sec-sonde-auto">3.2.2.4</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="contexte-physique-de-létang" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.4</span> Contexte physique de l’étang<a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-physique-de-létang" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div id="methode-bathymetrie" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.4.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.4.1</span> Bathymétrie et topographie des sédiments<a href="methode-et-outils.html#methode-bathymetrie" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>L’objectif est de connaître le volume d’eau accueilli ainsi que la répartition des sédiments dans l’étang. Le volume d’eau permettra de calculer le bilan hydrique de l’étang et le temps de résidence des eaux dans le système.</p>
<p>Un levé bathymétrique a été réalisé par la Scop AQUABIO le jeudi 31 mars 2022. L’ensemble de l’étang ainsi que le canal de l’Alanan ont été levés.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Le relevé consiste à circuler sur le plan d’eau à l’aide d’une embarcation, munie d’un sondeur couplé à un GPS, qui permet d’enregistrer des points pour lesquels sont alors connues les coordonnées GPS et la profondeur <span class="citation">(<a href="#ref-le_ruyet_etude_2022" role="doc-biblioref">Le Ruyet, 2022</a>)</span>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>La topographie du fond a également été mesurée <em>« à l’aide d’une perche graduée équipée d’un système coulissant en fonction de la hauteur de sédiments »</em> <span class="citation">(<a href="#ref-le_ruyet_etude_2022" role="doc-biblioref">Le Ruyet, 2022</a>)</span>.</p>
<p>À l’issue de l’étude, un rapport et deux MTN ont été fournis, un concernant la bathymétrie et un pour la topographie des sédiments.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="contexte-physique-du-marais" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.5">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.5</span> Contexte physique du marais<a href="methode-et-outils.html#contexte-physique-du-marais" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div id="la-topographie" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="3.2.5.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">3.2.5.1</span> La topographie<a href="methode-et-outils.html#la-topographie" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>Le levé topographique concerne la zone, en bordure du canal de l’Alanan, où ont été creusés les bassins de pisciculture dans les années 70 ; la zone représente environ 6 ha. Il s’agit d’un protocole prospectif dont la finalité est d’approximer les volumes nécessaires à exporter — et les coûts associés — dans l’hypothèse d’un détournement de l’Alanan dans la roselière afin de favoriser l’abattement de l’azote.</p>
<p>La réalisation de ce levé est à envisager hors période de nidification des oiseaux d’eau et de roselière. La fin de l’hiver ou bien l’automne est donc à privilégier.</p>
<p>Les levés sont réalisés avec la collaboration du laboratoire LETG, IUEM (interlocuteur, Serge Suanez).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="diagnostic-piscicole" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="3.2.6">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">3.2.6</span> Diagnostic piscicole<a href="methode-et-outils.html#diagnostic-piscicole" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>L’objectif du diagnostic piscicole est d’établir un état des lieux de la population piscicole de l’étang. L’ichtyofaune<a href="#fn23" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref23"><sup>23</sup></a> est l’un des indicateurs biologiques requis par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour évaluer l’état écologique des masses d’eau.</p>
<p>La Scop AQUABIO a réalisé ce diagnostic entre le 13 et le 14 juin 2022.</p>
<p>L’étang du Curnic étant saumâtre, l’emploi d’engins passifs est indispensable. Le prestataire a utilisé des verveux doubles sur quatre stations réparties en différents points de l’étang.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="traitement-des-données" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="3.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> Traitement des données<a href="methode-et-outils.html#traitement-des-données" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Dans un premier temps, un travail de gestion de données a été effectué. Les données préexistantes ont été normalisées et stockées dans un <em>drive</em><a href="#fn24" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref24"><sup>24</sup></a> et enrichies par celles acquises au cours du stage. Ces données ont été importées directement dans l’environnement <em>RStudio</em> à l’aide <em>package</em> <code>googlesheets4</code> <span class="citation">(<a href="#ref-bryan_googlesheets4_2021" role="doc-biblioref">Bryan & RStudio, 2021</a>)</span>. Les scripts ont été rédigés de telle sorte à ce que leurs sorties soient mises à jour en fonction de la base de données ; ainsi, les membres du service environnement pourront les réutiliser sans avoir à les modifier si la base continue à être alimentée.</p>
<p>Le travail statistique proprement dit a commencé par une analyse descriptive (univariée, bivariée et multivariée) des données issues des protocoles présentés plus hauts.<br />
Dans un second temps, des modélisations stochastiques<a href="#fn25" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref25"><sup>25</sup></a> de séries temporelles<a href="#fn26" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref26"><sup>26</sup></a> ont été réalisées sur les signaux enregistrés par la sonde autonome.</p>
<p>En parallèle de cette analyse statistique, les débits, le bilan hydrologique, le temps de résidence, les flux, les bilans et les valeurs de l’abattement ont été calculés. Dans un souci de lisibilité, les méthodologies propres à chaque résultat seront présentées en amont de chacun d’entre eux.</p>
<p>L’ensemble des traitements ont été effectués sous les logiciels <em>Microsoft Excel</em>, <em>RStudio</em> et <em>QGIS</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>References</h3>
<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body">
<div id="ref-bryan_googlesheets4_2021" class="csl-entry">
Bryan, J., RStudio, 2021. Googlesheets4: <span>Access Google Sheets</span> Using the <span>Sheets API V4</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-le_coz_controdebits_2011" class="csl-entry">
Le Coz, J., Camemen, B., Dramais, G., Ribot-Bruno, J., Ferry, M., Rosique, J.-L., 2011. Contrôle Des Débits Réglementaires. <span>Application</span> de l’article <span>L</span>. 214-18 Du <span>Code</span> de l’environnement. <span>ONEMA, Cemagref</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-le_ruyet_etude_2022" class="csl-entry">
Le Ruyet, O., 2022. Étude Bathymétrique et Évaluation de Volumes de Sédiments. <span>Étang</span> Du <span>Curnic</span> et <span>Alanan</span> Aval à <span>Guissény</span> (29). <span>AQUABIO</span>.
</div>
<div id="ref-raymond_incertitudes_2011" class="csl-entry">
Raymond, S., 2011. <span>Incertitudes des flux transportés par les rivières (Matière en suspension, nutriments, sels dissous) Vers un système expert d’optimisation des méthodes de calcul</span>. thèse de doctorat, Université François Rabelais - Tours.
</div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<hr />
<ol start="22">
<li id="fn22"><p><em>« L’échantillonnage stratifié consiste à prélever à des moments privilégiés. »</em> <span class="citation">(<a href="#ref-raymond_incertitudes_2011" role="doc-biblioref">Raymond, 2011</a>)</span>.<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fnref22" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn23"><p>L’ichtyofaune est la partie de la faune rassemblant les poissons. (wikipedia, cons. 05/08/2022 12:09)<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fnref23" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn24"><p>Un <em>drive</em> est un dossier sur le site <a href="https://www.google.com/intl/fr/drive/"><em>googledrive</em></a>partageable à des tiers.<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fnref24" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn25"><p>La notion de stochasticité fait référence à l’aléatoire dans un système donné ; les effets “imprévisibles”. La modélisation stochastique s’oppose à la modélisation déterministe qui n’admet pas d’effet aléatoire.<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fnref25" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
<li id="fn26"><p>Une série temporelle, ou série chronologique, est une suite de valeurs numériques représentant l’évolution d’une quantité spécifique au cours du temps. (wikipedia, cons. 06/08/2022 12:03)<a href="methode-et-outils.html#fnref26" class="footnote-back">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol>
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