AppStudio is a platform for building integrated software that streamlines, consolidates, and secures the development lifecycle.
- Compose software that consists of multiple components, from multiple repositories.
- Provide transparency on the software supply chain, including both what makes up the software and how it was built.
- Provide a way for software teams to release to destinations under the control of their SRE or release engineering team(s).
- Rapid bootstrapping of new software projects
- Support both existing and new projects
- Provide APIs to manage your software lifecycle
- Provide a surface for partners to integrate, add value
- Provide a unified user interface across the entire process
- Build artifacts once with enough data to determine suitability for releasing.
- Build artifacts once that can be released to multiple locations, multiple use cases.
- Specify builds and their dependencies entirely from git and not from transient state of the build system. Employ tools like renovate to manage dependency updates.
- Be extensible. Provide opinionated build pipelines and release pipelines, but let users extend those and create their own.
- "Shift left" the decisions for releasing into PRs; you should be able to release artifacts from a PR as soon as it is merged.
- Just in time scaling: In contrast to “just in case” scaling. The system should be able to scale without capacity reserved ahead of time.
- Static stability: the overall system continues to work when a dependency is impaired.
- Enhancements to the pipelines (the extensible elements of the system) should be rolled out in such a way that individual users can control when they accept the update to their workspaces, their processes. Use policy to drive eventual compliance.
- Each subservice can fulfill its primary use cases independently, without relying on other systems’ availability. An exception to this is the tekton [pipeline service] which provides foundational APIs on which build-service, integration-service, and release-service depend.
- Each sub-service owns its data and logic.
- Communication among services and participants is always asynchronous.
- Each sub-service is owned by one team. Ownership does not mean that only one team can change the code, but the owning team has the final decision.
- Minimize shared resources among sub-services.
- Participants: onboarding new participants, the flexibility to satisfy the technology preferences of a heterogeneous set of participants. Think of this as the ability to easily create an ecosystem and the ability to support that ecosystem’s heterogeneous needs.
- Security, Privacy, and Governance: Sensitive data is protected by fine-grained access control
- Our API server is the kube API server. Services are controllers that expose their API as Custom Resource Definitions. This means that requests are necessarily asyncronous. This means that RBAC is implemented the same way across services. In any exceptional case that a service needs to expose its own user-facing HTTP endpoint (like tekton results), use
SubjectAccessReviewsto ensure RBAC is consistent. Note, a few other supporting endpoints are exposed outside of kube (the sprayproxy from pipeline-service for receiving webhooks, registration-service from codeready-toolchain for signing up new users). - Use tekton for anything that should be extended by the user (building, testing, releasing). Expose as much detail via kube resources as possible. Prefer to implement native tasks to perform work on cluster, rather than calling out to third-party services.
- The user has admin in their workspace. This means that the user can access secrets in their workspace. This means that the system can never provide secrets to the user that are scoped beyond that user's domain. A user can exfiltrate the push secret from their workspace, build invalid content on their laptop, and push it to their buildtime registry. Such a build will be rejected at release time.
- The cluster is our unit of sharding. Each cluster is independent and runs an instance of every subsystem. User workspaces are allocated to one cluster. If we lose a cluster, all workspaces on that cluster are inaccessible, but workspaces on other clusters are not impacted, limiting the blast radius. No subsystem should coordinate across clusters.
- Artifacts built, tested, and shipped by the system are OCI artifacts. SBOMs, attestations, signatures, and other supporting metadata are stored in the registry alongside the artifact, tagged by the
cosign triangulateconvention. - While not true today, it should be possible to install one subsystem without the others and to replace one subsystem with a new one without affecting the others. See !148 for an example of attempting to achieve this.
- Any attestation used for making a release-time decision should be provably trusted (either because it is GPG signed or its immutable reference is added to the provenance by a trusted task).
💡 Adding new functionality usually looks like either adding a new controller or adding a new tekton task.
The diagram below shows the services that make up AppStudio and their API resources.
API resources in the first row (Application, Component) should primarilly be thought of as control-plane resources. Users supply these resources to indicate to the system what they want it to do.
API resources in the second row (PipelineRun, Snapshot) should primarilly be thought of as data-plane resources. The system responds to user requests by creating and managing the lifecycle of these resources.
- An Application represents a functionally coherent set of Components that should be built, tested, and released together. The user provides and names their Applications. They are generally long-lived and don't change much after they are created.
- A Component represents a git branch on a git repository (and a particular context directory) that should be used to build OCI artifacts from commits that appear there. A Component is owned by an Application. The user provides and names their Components and specifies which git repositories and branches define how the artifact is built. The user may add, remove, or change Components over the lifespan of an Application.
- A Snapshot represents a collection of particular OCI artifacts, mapped to Components. A Snapshot is owned by an Application. Generally, the integration-service produces new Snapshots automatically in response to completed builds. It is also possible for the user to construct and provide Snapshots to test or release deliberate combinations of OCI artifacts. Snapshots are immutable. For a user to "modify" a Snapshot, they need to create a new Snapshot based on an old Snapshot. Old Snapshots are garbage collected if not bound to other resources like a SnapshotEnvironmentBinding or a Release.
- An IntegrationTestScenario represents a test that should be run against new Snapshots that belong to a particular Application. It is owned by an Application. The user provides tekton pipelines that test their application and registers them with the system by creating IntegrationTestScenarios.
- An Environment represents a destination that application-service and the gitops-service can
deploy to. Multiple Applications in the same workspace can deploy to the same
Environment. An Environment may be long lived (like the
developmentEnvironment provided by the system as part of the initialization of a user's workspace) or may be short-lived and ephemeral (like the temporary Environments created by the integration-service as a part of its test execution processes). - A DeploymentTargetClaim represents a request to provision a new deployment target. An Environment is backed by a DeploymentTargetClaim. The DeploymentTargetClaim causes new deployment targets to be provisioned which are represented by DeploymentTargets that get bound to it. These are typically created and destroyed by the integration-service as a part of its test execution processes.
- A SnapshotEnvironmentBinding represents a request to deploy a particular set of OCI artifacts (represented by a Snapshot) to a particular location (represented by an Environment). A SnapshotEnvironmentBinding is owned by an Application. The integration-service promotes OCI artifacts by updating the SnapshotEnvironmentBinding associated with an Environment. The SnapshotEnvironmentBinding is generally long-lived.
- A ReleasePlan represents a release pipeline that can be used to release a Snapshot to some destination, depending on the implementation of the release pipeline. A ReleasePlan is owned by an Application. It can operate in two modes, one which executes a "tenant" release pipeline in the user's workspace, and another when used in conjunction with a ReleasePlanAdmission where it executes a "managed" release pipeline in a separate privileged workspace owned by another team. The ReleasePlan is generally long-lived.
- A ReleasePlanAdmission represents an acceptance of release pipeline content from another team's workspace into this workspace. It is used exclusively in conjunction with a ReleasePlan to represent agreement on details about how to release Snapshots across workspace boundaries. The ReleasePlanAdmission is generally long-lived.
- A Release represents a request to release a particular set of OCI artifacts (represented by a Snapshot) by particular means (represented by the release pipeline details in a ReleasePlan). The creation of a Release causes release-service to create a release PipelineRun in one or more workspaces depending on details in the associated ReleasePlan and ReleasePlanAdmission. A Release can be created in one of two ways: if the ReleasePlan has an automated release flag set to true, then integration-service will automatically create new Releases for every Snapshot that successfully passes its post-merge testing. If that flag is set to false, then the user is expected to create new a Release manually, associated with Snapshot selected by the user manually.
Each service that makes up AppStudio is further explained in its own document.
- Hybrid Application Service - A workflow system that manages the definition of the users' Application and Components.
- Build Service - A workflow system that manages the build pipeline definition for users' Components.
- Image Controller - A subsystem of the build-service that manages the creation and access rights to OCI repositories.
- Java Rebuilds Service - A subsystem of the build-service that manages the rebuild of binary java jars pulled from maven central for an improved degree of provenance.
- Integration Service - A workflow service that manages execution of users' tests and promotion in response to completing builds.
- Release Service - A workflow service that manages execution of privileged pipelines to release user content to protected destinations.
- GitOps Service - A foundational service providing deployment of user applications.
- Pipeline Service - A foundational service providing Pipeline APIs and secure supply chain capabilities to other services
- Service Provider Integration - A foundational service providing user secret management to other services.
- Enterprise Contract - A specialized subsystem responsible for the definition and enforcement of policies related to how OCI artifacts are built and tested.