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<title>References | Artificial Intelligence: American Attitudes and Trends</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Baobao Zhang and Allan Dafoe" />
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<li><img src="images/small_logo.png" alt="Report small logo" width="272px" hspace="12" vspace="12"/></li>
<li><a href="index.html"><b>Table of Contents</b></a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="executive-summary.html"><a href="executive-summary.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Executive summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="executive-summary.html"><a href="executive-summary.html#select-results"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Select results</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="executive-summary.html"><a href="executive-summary.html#reading-notes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Reading notes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="executive-summary.html"><a href="executive-summary.html#press-coverage"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Press coverage</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> General attitudes toward AI</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html#subsecsupportai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> More Americans support than oppose developing AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html#subsecdemosupportai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Support for developing AI is greater among those who are wealthy, educated, male, or have experience with technology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html#subsecsupportmanageai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> An overwhelming majority of Americans think that AI and robots should be carefully managed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html#harmful-consequences-of-ai-in-the-context-of-other-global-risks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Harmful consequences of AI in the context of other global risks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html"><a href="general-attitudes-toward-ai.html#americans-understanding-of-key-technology-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Americans’ understanding of key technology terms</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html"><a href="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Public opinion on AI governance</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html"><a href="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html#subsecgovchallenges13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Americans consider many AI governance challenges to be important; prioritize data privacy and preventing AI-enhanced cyber attacks, surveillance, and digital manipulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html"><a href="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html#americans-who-are-younger-who-have-cs-or-engineering-degrees-express-less-concern-about-ai-governance-challenges"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Americans who are younger, who have CS or engineering degrees express less concern about AI governance challenges</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html"><a href="public-opinion-on-ai-governance.html#americans-place-the-most-trust-in-the-u.s.-military-and-universities-to-build-ai-trust-tech-companies-and-non-governmental-organizations-more-than-the-government-to-manage-the-technology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Americans place the most trust in the U.S. military and universities to build AI; trust tech companies and non-governmental organizations more than the government to manage the technology</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html"><a href="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> AI policy and U.S.-China relations</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html"><a href="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html#americans-underestimate-the-u.s.-and-chinas-ai-research-and-development"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Americans underestimate the U.S. and China’s AI research and development</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html"><a href="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html#subsecexperimentchina"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Communicating the dangers of a U.S.-China arms race requires explaining policy trade-offs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html"><a href="ai-policy-and-u-s-china-relations.html#americans-see-the-potential-for-u.s.-china-cooperation-on-some-ai-governance-challenges"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Americans see the potential for U.S.-China cooperation on some AI governance challenges</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html"><a href="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Trend across time: attitudes toward workplace automation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html"><a href="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html#americans-do-not-think-that-labor-market-disruptions-will-increase-with-time"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Americans do not think that labor market disruptions will increase with time</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html"><a href="trend-across-time-attitudes-toward-workplace-automation.html#extending-the-historical-time-trend"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Extending the historical time trend</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><a href="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> High-level machine intelligence</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><a href="high-level-machine-intelligence.html#arrivesooner"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> The public predicts a 54% likelihood of high-level machine intelligence within 10 years</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><a href="high-level-machine-intelligence.html#subsecsupporthlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Americans express mixed support for developing high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><a href="high-level-machine-intelligence.html#subsecdemohlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> High-income Americans, men, and those with tech experience express greater support for high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="high-level-machine-intelligence.html"><a href="high-level-machine-intelligence.html#subsecharmgood"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> The public expects high-level machine intelligence to be more harmful than good</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>Appendices</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="appmethod.html"><a href="appmethod.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> Appendix A: Methodology</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.1" data-path="appmethod.html"><a href="appmethod.html#yougovsampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.1</b> YouGov sampling and weights</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.2" data-path="appmethod.html"><a href="appmethod.html#appdemosubgroups"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.2</b> Demographic subgroups</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.3" data-path="appmethod.html"><a href="appmethod.html#appanalysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.3</b> Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A.4" data-path="appmethod.html"><a href="appmethod.html#datasharing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A.4</b> Data sharing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> Appendix B: Topline questionnaire</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.1" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#global_risks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.1</b> Global risks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.2" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#considersai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.2</b> Survey experiment: what the public considers AI, automation, machine learning, and robotics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.3" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#knowledge-of-computer-science-cstechnology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.3</b> Knowledge of computer science (CS)/technology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.4" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#supportdevai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.4</b> Support for developing AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.5" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#manageexp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.5</b> Survey experiment: AI and/or robots should be carefully managed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.6" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#trustdevai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.6</b> Trust of actors to develop AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.7" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#trustmanageai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.7</b> Trust of actors to manage AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.8" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#govchallenges"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.8</b> AI governance challenges</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.9" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#airesearchcompare"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.9</b> Survey experiment: comparing perceptions of U.S. vs. China AI research and development</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.10" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#armsraceexp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.10</b> Survey experiment: U.S.-China arms race</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.10.1" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#control"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.10.1</b> Control</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.10.2" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#nationalism-treatment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.10.2</b> Nationalism treatment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.10.3" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#war-risks-treatment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.10.3</b> War risks treatment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.10.4" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#common-humanity-treatment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.10.4</b> Common humanity treatment</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.11" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#uschinacoop"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.11</b> Issue areas for possible U.S.-China cooperation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.12" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#jobtime"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.12</b> Trend across time: job creation or job loss</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.13" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#forecasthlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.13</b> High-level machine intelligence: forecasting timeline</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.14" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#supporthlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.14</b> Support for developing high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B.15" data-path="apptopline.html"><a href="apptopline.html#expectedoutcome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B.15</b> Expected outcome of high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C</b> Appendix C: Additional data analysis results</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.1" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#addsupportdevai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.1</b> Support for developing AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.2" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#addcarefullym"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.2</b> Survey experiment and cross-national comparison: AI and/or robots should be carefully managed</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.3" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appglobalrisks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.3</b> Harmful consequences of AI in the context of other global risks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.4" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#aawhatsai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.4</b> Survey experiment: what the public considers AI, automation, machine learning, and robotics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.5" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appgovchallenges"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.5</b> AI governance challenges: prioritizing governance challenges</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.6" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#trust-in-various-actors-to-develop-and-manage-ai-in-the-interest-of-the-public"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.6</b> Trust in various actors to develop and manage AI in the interest of the public</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.7" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appuschinacomp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.7</b> Survey experiment: comparing perceptions of U.S. vs. China AI research and development</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.8" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appuschinaarmsrace"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.8</b> Survey experiment: U.S.-China arms race</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.9" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appjobloss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.9</b> Trend across time: job creation or job loss</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.10" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#apphlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.10</b> High-level machine intelligence: forecasting timeline</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.11" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appsupporthlmi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.11</b> Support for developing high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C.12" data-path="addresults.html"><a href="addresults.html#appexpectedoutcome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C.12</b> Expected outcome of high-level machine intelligence</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Acknowledgements</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html#primary-researchers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Primary researchers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html#editing-and-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Editing and design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html#funders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Funders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html#for-media-or-other-inquiries"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>For media or other inquiries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="acknowledgements.html"><a href="acknowledgements.html#recommended-citation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Recommended citation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-us.html"><a href="about-us.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About us</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-us.html"><a href="about-us.html#about-the-center-for-the-governance-of-ai"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the Center for the Governance of AI</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="about-us.html"><a href="about-us.html#about-the-future-of-humanity-institute"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="https://governance.ai">Center for the Governance of AI</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a></li>
<li><img src="images/FHI-Logo-Print.png" alt="FHI logo" width="77px" hspace="12"/><img src="images/oxford-university-logo.png" alt="Oxford logo" width="74px" hspace="12"/></li>
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<h1>References</h1>
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<p>Bech, Mickael, and Morten Bo Kristensen. 2009. “Differential Response Rates in Postal and Web-Based Surveys in Older Respondents.” <em>Survey Research Methods</em> 3 (1): 1–6.</p>
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<p>Bronner, Fred, and Ton Kuijlen. 2007. “The Live or Digital Interviewer - a Comparison Between CASI, CAPI and CATI with Respect to Differences in Response Behaviour.” <em>International Journal of Market Research</em> 49 (2): 167–90.</p>
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<p>Cadell, Cate. 2018. “Search engine Baidu becomes first China firm to join U.S. AI ethics group.” Reuters. <a href="https://perma.cc/DC63-9CFT">https://perma.cc/DC63-9CFT</a>.</p>
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<p>China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University. 2018. “China AI Development Report 2018.” China Institute for Science; Technology Policy at Tsinghua University.</p>
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<p>Coppock, Alexander, Emily Ekins, David Kirby, and others. 2018. “The Long-Lasting Effects of Newspaper Op-Eds on Public Opinion.” <em>Quarterly Journal of Political Science</em> 13 (1): 59–87.</p>
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<p>Cotton-Barratt, Owen, Sebastian Farquhar, John Halstead, Stefan Schubert, and Andrew Snyder-Beattie. 2016. “Global Catastrophic Risks 2016.” Technical report. Global Challenges Foundation; the Global Priorities Project. <a href="https://perma.cc/54M8-JWSS">https://perma.cc/54M8-JWSS</a>.</p>
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<p>Crawford, Kate. 2016. “Artificial Intelligence’s White Guy Problem.” <em>New York Times</em>. <a href="https://perma.cc/6C9S-5FNP">https://perma.cc/6C9S-5FNP</a>.</p>
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<p>Dafoe, Allan. 2018. “AI Governance: A Research Agenda.” Governance of AI Program, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. <a href="https://perma.cc/L35A-7W2X">https://perma.cc/L35A-7W2X</a>.</p>
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<p>Ding, Jeffrey. 2018. “Deciphering China’s AI Dream.” Technical report. Governance of AI Program, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. <a href="https://perma.cc/9BED-QGTU">https://perma.cc/9BED-QGTU</a>.</p>
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<p>Eurobarometer. 2017. “Special Eurobarometer 460: Attitudes Towards the Impact of Digitisation and Automation on Daily Life.” Eurobarometer. <a href="https://perma.cc/9FRT-ADST">https://perma.cc/9FRT-ADST</a>.</p>
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<p>Funk, Cary, and Lee Rainie. 2015. “Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society.” Survey report. Pew Research Center. <a href="https://perma.cc/9XSJ-8AJA">https://perma.cc/9XSJ-8AJA</a>.</p>
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<p>Goldfarb, Avi, and Daniel Trefler. 2018. “AI and International Trade.” In <em>The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda</em>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://www.nber.org/chapters/c14012.pdf">https://www.nber.org/chapters/c14012.pdf</a>.</p>
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<p>Grace, Katja, John Salvatier, Allan Dafoe, Baobao Zhang, and Owain Evans. 2018. “Viewpoint: When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts.” <em>Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research</em> 62: 729–54. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11222">https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11222</a>.</p>
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<p>Graham, Edward. 2018. “Views on Automation’s U.s. Workforce Impact Highlight Demographic Divide.” Morning Consult. <a href="https://perma.cc/544D-WRUM">https://perma.cc/544D-WRUM</a>.</p>
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<p>Ipsos and Reuters. 2018. “Facebook Poll 3.23.18.” Survey report. Ipsos; Reuters. <a href="https://perma.cc/QGH5-S3KE">https://perma.cc/QGH5-S3KE</a>.</p>
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<p>Ipsos MORI. 2018. “Public Views of Machine Learning: Findings from Public Research and Engagement Conducted on Behalf of the Royal Society.” Survey report. The Royal Society. <a href="https://perma.cc/79FE-TEHH">https://perma.cc/79FE-TEHH</a>.</p>
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<p>IT Juzi and Tencent Institute. 2017. “2017 China-U.s. AI Venture Capital State and Trends Research Report.” Technical report. IT Juzi; Tencent Institute. <a href="https://perma.cc/AMN6-DZUV">https://perma.cc/AMN6-DZUV</a>.</p>
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<p>Kai-Fu, Lee. 2018. <em>AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley and the New World Order</em>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</p>
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<p>Kania, Elsa. 2018. “China’s Strategic Ambiguity and Shifting Approach to Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.” Lawfare. <a href="https://perma.cc/K68L-YF7Q">https://perma.cc/K68L-YF7Q</a>.</p>
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<p>Lin, Winston, and Donald P Green. 2016. “Standard Operating Procedures: A Safety Net for Pre-Analysis Plans.” <em>PS: Political Science & Politics</em> 49 (3): 495–500.</p>
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<p>McCorduck, Pamela. 2004. <em>Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence</em>. New York: A K Peters/CRC Press.</p>
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<p>Morning Consult. 2017. “National Tracking Poll 170401.” Survey report. Morning Consult. <a href="https://perma.cc/TBJ9-CB5K">https://perma.cc/TBJ9-CB5K</a>.</p>
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<p>Müller, Vincent C, and Nick Bostrom. 2014. “Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Poll Among Experts.” <em>AI Matters</em> 1 (1). ACM: 9–11. <a href="https://perma.cc/ZY22-E5FF">https://perma.cc/ZY22-E5FF</a>.</p>
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<p>Nagelhout, Gera E, Marc C Willemsen, Mary E Thompson, Geoffrey T Fong, Bas Van den Putte, and Hein de Vries. 2010. “Is Web Interviewing a Good Alternative to Telephone Interviewing? Findings from the International Tobacco Control (Itc) Netherlands Survey.” <em>BMC Public Health</em> 10 (1): 351.</p>
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<p>Nedelkoska, Ljubica, and Glenda Quintini. 2018. “Automation, Skills Use and Training.” Working Papers No. 202. Organisation for Economic Co-operation; Development. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1787/2e2f4eea-en">https://doi.org/10.1787/2e2f4eea-en</a>.</p>
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<p>News, Bloomberg. 2018. “China Calls for Borderless Research to Promote AI Development.” Bloomberg News. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/china-calls-for-borderless-research-to-promote-ai-development">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-17/china-calls-for-borderless-research-to-promote-ai-development</a>.</p>
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<p>Northeastern University and Gallup. 2018. “Optimism and Anxiety: Views on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Higher Education’s Response.” Survey report. Northeastern University; Gallup. <a href="https://perma.cc/57NW-XCQN">https://perma.cc/57NW-XCQN</a>.</p>
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<p>Nosek, Brian A, Charles R Ebersole, Alexander C DeHaven, and David T Mellor. 2018. “The Preregistration Revolution.” <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 115 (11): 2600–2606.</p>
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<p>Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, Paul Lagunes, Donald P Green, Lynn Vavreck, Limor Peer, and Robin Gomila. 2015. “Does Product Placement Change Television Viewers’ Social Behavior?” <em>PloS One</em> 10 (9): e0138610.</p>
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<p>Pinker, Steven. 2018. <em>Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress</em>. New York: Penguin.</p>
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<p>Reinhart, RJ. 2018. “Most Americans Already Using Artificial Intelligence Products.” Survey report. Gallup. <a href="https://perma.cc/RVY5-WP9W">https://perma.cc/RVY5-WP9W</a>.</p>
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<p>Rosling, Hans, Anna Rosling Rönnlund, and Ola Rosling. 2018. <em>Factfulness: Ten Reasons We’re Wrong About the World–and Why Things Are Better Than You Think</em>. New York: Flatiron Books.</p>
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<p>Sandberg, Anders, and Nick Bostrom. 2008. “Global Catastrophic Risks Survey.” Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University. <a href="https://perma.cc/TA97-KD3Z">https://perma.cc/TA97-KD3Z</a>.</p>
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<p>Shin, Eunjung, Timothy P Johnson, and Kumar Rao. 2012. “Survey Mode Effects on Data Quality: Comparison of Web and Mail Modes in a Us National Panel Survey.” <em>Social Science Computer Review</em> 30 (2): 212–28.</p>
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<p>Smith, Aaron. 2018. “Public Attitudes Toward Technology Companies.” Survey report. Pew Research Center. <a href="https://perma.cc/KSN6-6FRW">https://perma.cc/KSN6-6FRW</a>.</p>
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<p>Smith, Aaron, and Monica Anderson. 2016. “Automation in Everyday Life.” Pew Research Center. <a href="https://perma.cc/WU6B-63PZ">https://perma.cc/WU6B-63PZ</a>.</p>
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<p>Walsh, Toby. 2018. “Expert and Non-Expert Opinion About Technological Unemployment.” <em>International Journal of Automation and Computing</em> 15 (5): 637–42. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-018-1127-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-018-1127-x</a>.</p>
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<p>West, Darrell M. 2018a. “Brookings Survey Finds Divided Views on Artificial Intelligence for Warfare, but Support Rises If Adversaries Are Developing It.” Survey report. Brookings Institution. <a href="https://perma.cc/3NJV-5GV4">https://perma.cc/3NJV-5GV4</a>.</p>
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<p>———. 2018b. “Brookings survey finds worries over AI impact on jobs and personal privacy, concern U.S. will fall behind China.” Survey report. Brookings Institution. <a href="https://perma.cc/HY38-3GCC">https://perma.cc/HY38-3GCC</a>.</p>
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<p>World Economic Forum. 2018. “The Global Risks Report 2018: 13th Edition.” World Economic Forum. <a href="https://perma.cc/8XM8-LKEN">https://perma.cc/8XM8-LKEN</a>.</p>
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<p>Zwetsloot, Remco, Helen Toner, and Jeffrey Ding. 2018. “Beyond the Ai Arms Race.” <em>Foreign Affairs</em> November. <a href="https://perma.cc/CN76-6LG8">https://perma.cc/CN76-6LG8</a>.</p>
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