roaring.hh

// !!! DO NOT EDIT - THIS IS AN AUTO-GENERATED FILE !!!
// Created by amalgamation.sh on Wed 20 Jul 2022 16:25:25 EDT

/*
 * The CRoaring project is under a dual license (Apache/MIT).
 * Users of the library may choose one or the other license.
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2016-2022 The CRoaring authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 */
/*
 * MIT License
 *
 * Copyright 2016-2022 The CRoaring authors
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
 * person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
 * documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
 * Software without restriction, including without
 * limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
 * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
 * is furnished to do so, subject to the following
 * conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice
 * shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
 * of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
 * ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
 * PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
 * SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
 * IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 */

#define ROARING_API_NOT_IN_GLOBAL_NAMESPACE  // see remarks in roaring.h
#include "roaring.h"
#undef ROARING_API_NOT_IN_GLOBAL_NAMESPACE
/* begin file cpp/roaring.hh */
/*
A C++ header for Roaring Bitmaps.
*/
#ifndef INCLUDE_ROARING_HH_
#define INCLUDE_ROARING_HH_

#include <stdarg.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <new>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>

#if !defined(ROARING_EXCEPTIONS)
// __cpp_exceptions is required by C++98 and we require C++11 or better.
#ifndef __cpp_exceptions
#error "__cpp_exceptions should be defined"
#endif
# if __cpp_exceptions
#  define ROARING_EXCEPTIONS 1
# else
#  define ROARING_EXCEPTIONS 0
# endif
#endif

#ifndef ROARING_TERMINATE
# if ROARING_EXCEPTIONS
#  define ROARING_TERMINATE(_s) throw std::runtime_error(_s)
# else
#  define ROARING_TERMINATE(_s) std::terminate()
# endif
#endif

#define ROARING_API_NOT_IN_GLOBAL_NAMESPACE  // see remarks in roaring.h
#undef ROARING_API_NOT_IN_GLOBAL_NAMESPACE


namespace roaring {

class RoaringSetBitForwardIterator;

class Roaring {
    typedef api::roaring_bitmap_t roaring_bitmap_t;  // class-local name alias

public:
    /**
     * Create an empty bitmap in the existing memory for the class.
     * The bitmap will be in the "clear" state with no auxiliary allocations.
     */
    Roaring() : roaring{} {
        // The empty constructor roaring{} silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
        api::roaring_bitmap_init_cleared(&roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a bitmap from a list of integer values.
     */
    Roaring(size_t n, const uint32_t *data) : Roaring() {
        api::roaring_bitmap_add_many(&roaring, n, data);
    }

    /**
     * Copy constructor
     */
    Roaring(const Roaring &r) : Roaring() {
        if (!api::roaring_bitmap_overwrite(&roaring, &r.roaring)) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed roaring_bitmap_overwrite in constructor");
        }
        api::roaring_bitmap_set_copy_on_write(
            &roaring,
            api::roaring_bitmap_get_copy_on_write(&r.roaring));
    }

    /**
     * Move constructor. The moved object remains valid, i.e.
     * all methods can still be called on it.
     */
    explicit Roaring(Roaring &&r) noexcept : roaring(r.roaring) {
        //
        // !!! This clones the bits of the roaring structure to a new location
        // and then overwrites the old bits...assuming that this will still
        // work.  There are scenarios where this could break; e.g. if some of
        // those bits were pointers into the structure memory itself.  If such
        // things were possible, a roaring_bitmap_move() API would be needed.
        //
        api::roaring_bitmap_init_cleared(&r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Construct a roaring object by taking control of a malloc()'d C struct.
     *
     * Passing a NULL pointer is unsafe.
     * The pointer to the C struct will be invalid after the call.
     */
    explicit Roaring(roaring_bitmap_t *s) noexcept : roaring (*s) {
        roaring_free(s);  // deallocate the passed-in pointer
    }

    /**
     * Construct a bitmap from a list of integer values.
     */
    static Roaring bitmapOf(size_t n, ...) {
        Roaring ans;
        va_list vl;
        va_start(vl, n);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            ans.add(va_arg(vl, uint32_t));
        }
        va_end(vl);
        return ans;
    }

    /**
     * Add value x
     */
    void add(uint32_t x) { api::roaring_bitmap_add(&roaring, x); }

    /**
     * Add value x
     * Returns true if a new value was added, false if the value was already
     * existing.
     */
    bool addChecked(uint32_t x) {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_add_checked(&roaring, x);
    }

    /**
     * Add all values from x (included) to y (excluded)
     */
    void addRange(const uint64_t x, const uint64_t y)  {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_add_range(&roaring, x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Add value n_args from pointer vals
     */
    void addMany(size_t n_args, const uint32_t *vals) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_add_many(&roaring, n_args, vals);
    }

    /**
     * Remove value x
     */
    void remove(uint32_t x) { api::roaring_bitmap_remove(&roaring, x); }

    /**
     * Remove value x
     * Returns true if a new value was removed, false if the value was not
     * existing.
     */
    bool removeChecked(uint32_t x) {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_remove_checked(&roaring, x);
    }

    /**
     * Return the largest value (if not empty)
     */
    uint32_t maximum() const { return api::roaring_bitmap_maximum(&roaring); }

    /**
     * Return the smallest value (if not empty)
     */
    uint32_t minimum() const { return api::roaring_bitmap_minimum(&roaring); }

    /**
     * Check if value x is present
     */
    bool contains(uint32_t x) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_contains(&roaring, x);
    }

    /**
     * Check if all values from x (included) to y (excluded) are present
     */
    bool containsRange(const uint64_t x, const uint64_t y) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_contains_range(&roaring, x, y);
    }

    /**
     * Destructor.  By contract, calling roaring_bitmap_clear() is enough to
     * release all auxiliary memory used by the structure.
     */
    ~Roaring() {
        if (!(roaring.high_low_container.flags & ROARING_FLAG_FROZEN)) {
            api::roaring_bitmap_clear(&roaring);
        } else {
            // The roaring member variable copies the `roaring_bitmap_t` and
            // nested `roaring_array_t` structures by value and is freed in the
            // constructor, however the underlying memory arena used for the
            // container data is not freed with it. Here we derive the arena
            // pointer from the second arena allocation in
            // `roaring_bitmap_frozen_view` and free it as well.
            roaring_bitmap_free(
                (roaring_bitmap_t *)((char *)
                                     roaring.high_low_container.containers -
                                     sizeof(roaring_bitmap_t)));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Copies the content of the provided bitmap, and
     * discard the current content.
     */
    Roaring &operator=(const Roaring &r) {
        if (!api::roaring_bitmap_overwrite(&roaring, &r.roaring)) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed memory alloc in assignment");
        }
        api::roaring_bitmap_set_copy_on_write(
            &roaring,
            api::roaring_bitmap_get_copy_on_write(&r.roaring));
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Moves the content of the provided bitmap, and
     * discard the current content.
     */
    Roaring &operator=(Roaring &&r) noexcept {
        api::roaring_bitmap_clear(&roaring);  // free this class's allocations

        // !!! See notes in the Move Constructor regarding roaring_bitmap_move()
        //
        roaring = r.roaring;
        api::roaring_bitmap_init_cleared(&r.roaring);

        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the intersection between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring &operator&=(const Roaring &r) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_and_inplace(&roaring, &r.roaring);
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the difference between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring &operator-=(const Roaring &r) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_andnot_inplace(&roaring, &r.roaring);
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the union between the current bitmap and the provided bitmap,
     * writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap is not
     * modified.
     *
     * See also the fastunion function to aggregate many bitmaps more quickly.
     */
    Roaring &operator|=(const Roaring &r) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_or_inplace(&roaring, &r.roaring);
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the symmetric union between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring &operator^=(const Roaring &r) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_xor_inplace(&roaring, &r.roaring);
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Exchange the content of this bitmap with another.
     */
    void swap(Roaring &r) { std::swap(r.roaring, roaring); }

    /**
     * Get the cardinality of the bitmap (number of elements).
     */
    uint64_t cardinality() const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_get_cardinality(&roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is empty (cardinality is zero).
     */
    bool isEmpty() const { return api::roaring_bitmap_is_empty(&roaring); }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is subset of the other.
     */
    bool isSubset(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_is_subset(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is strict subset of the other.
     */
    bool isStrictSubset(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_is_strict_subset(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the bitmap to an array. Write the output to "ans", caller is
     * responsible to ensure that there is enough memory allocated
     * (e.g., ans = new uint32[mybitmap.cardinality()];)
     */
    void toUint32Array(uint32_t *ans) const {
        api::roaring_bitmap_to_uint32_array(&roaring, ans);
    }
    /**
     * To int array with pagination
     */
    void rangeUint32Array(uint32_t *ans, size_t offset, size_t limit) const {
        api::roaring_bitmap_range_uint32_array(&roaring, offset, limit, ans);
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the two bitmaps contain the same elements.
     */
    bool operator==(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_equals(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Compute the negation of the roaring bitmap within a specified interval.
     * Areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
     */
    void flip(uint64_t range_start, uint64_t range_end) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_flip_inplace(&roaring, range_start, range_end);
    }

    /**
     * Remove run-length encoding even when it is more space efficient.
     * Return whether a change was applied.
     */
    bool removeRunCompression() {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_remove_run_compression(&roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Convert array and bitmap containers to run containers when it is more
     * efficient; also convert from run containers when more space efficient.
     * Returns true if the result has at least one run container.  Additional
     * savings might be possible by calling shrinkToFit().
     */
    bool runOptimize() { return api::roaring_bitmap_run_optimize(&roaring); }

    /**
     * If needed, reallocate memory to shrink the memory usage. Returns
     * the number of bytes saved.
     */
    size_t shrinkToFit() { return api::roaring_bitmap_shrink_to_fit(&roaring); }

    /**
     * Iterate over the bitmap elements. The function iterator is called once
     * for all the values with ptr (can be NULL) as the second parameter of
     * each call.
     *
     * roaring_iterator is simply a pointer to a function that returns bool
     * (true means that the iteration should continue while false means that it
     * should stop), and takes (uint32_t,void*) as inputs.
     */
    void iterate(api::roaring_iterator iterator, void *ptr) const {
        api::roaring_iterate(&roaring, iterator, ptr);
    }

    /**
     * Selects the value at index rnk in the bitmap, where the smallest value
     * is at index 0.
     *
     * If the size of the roaring bitmap is strictly greater than rank, then
     * this function returns true and sets element to the element of given rank.
     * Otherwise, it returns false.
     */
    bool select(uint32_t rnk, uint32_t *element) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_select(&roaring, rnk, element);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the size of the intersection between two bitmaps.
     */
    uint64_t and_cardinality(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_and_cardinality(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Check whether the two bitmaps intersect.
     */
    bool intersect(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_intersect(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the Jaccard index between two bitmaps. (Also known as the
     * Tanimoto distance,
     * or the Jaccard similarity coefficient)
     *
     * The Jaccard index is undefined if both bitmaps are empty.
     */
    double jaccard_index(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_jaccard_index(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the size of the union between two bitmaps.
     */
    uint64_t or_cardinality(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_or_cardinality(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the size of the difference (andnot) between two bitmaps.
     */
    uint64_t andnot_cardinality(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_andnot_cardinality(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the size of the symmetric difference (andnot) between two
     * bitmaps.
     */
    uint64_t xor_cardinality(const Roaring &r) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_xor_cardinality(&roaring, &r.roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of integers that are smaller or equal to x.
     * Thus the rank of the smallest element is one.  If
     * x is smaller than the smallest element, this function will return 0.
     * The rank and select functions differ in convention: this function returns
     * 1 when ranking the smallest value, but the select function returns the
     * smallest value when using index 0.
     */
    uint64_t rank(uint32_t x) const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_rank(&roaring, x);
    }

    /**
     * Write a bitmap to a char buffer. This is meant to be compatible with
     * the Java and Go versions. Returns how many bytes were written which
     * should be getSizeInBytes().
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that
     * can save space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very
     * sparse bitmaps).
     *
     * Boost users can serialize bitmaps in this manner:
     *
     *       BOOST_SERIALIZATION_SPLIT_FREE(Roaring)
     *       namespace boost {
     *       namespace serialization {
     *
     *       template <class Archive>
     *       void save(Archive& ar, const Roaring& bitmask,
     *          const unsigned int version) {
     *         std::size_t expected_size_in_bytes = bitmask.getSizeInBytes();
     *         std::vector<char> buffer(expected_size_in_bytes);
     *         std::size_t       size_in_bytes = bitmask.write(buffer.data());
     *
     *         ar& size_in_bytes;
     *         ar& boost::serialization::make_binary_object(buffer.data(),
     *             size_in_bytes);
     *      }
     *      template <class Archive>
     *      void load(Archive& ar, Roaring& bitmask,
     *          const unsigned int version) {
     *         std::size_t size_in_bytes = 0;
     *         ar& size_in_bytes;
     *         std::vector<char> buffer(size_in_bytes);
     *         ar&  boost::serialization::make_binary_object(buffer.data(),
     *            size_in_bytes);
     *         bitmask = Roaring::readSafe(buffer.data(), size_in_bytes);
     *      }
     *      }  // namespace serialization
     *      }  // namespace boost
     */
    size_t write(char *buf, bool portable = true) const {
        if (portable)
            return api::roaring_bitmap_portable_serialize(&roaring, buf);
        else
            return api::roaring_bitmap_serialize(&roaring, buf);
    }

    /**
     * Read a bitmap from a serialized version. This is meant to be compatible
     * with the Java and Go versions.
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that
     * can save space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very
     * sparse bitmaps).
     *
     * This function is unsafe in the sense that if you provide bad data,
     * many, many bytes could be read. See also readSafe.
     */
    static Roaring read(const char *buf, bool portable = true) {
        roaring_bitmap_t * r = portable
            ? api::roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize(buf)
            : api::roaring_bitmap_deserialize(buf);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed alloc while reading");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * Read a bitmap from a serialized version, reading no more than maxbytes
     * bytes.  This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions.
     *
     */
    static Roaring readSafe(const char *buf, size_t maxbytes) {
        roaring_bitmap_t * r =
            api::roaring_bitmap_portable_deserialize_safe(buf,maxbytes);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed alloc while reading");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * How many bytes are required to serialize this bitmap (meant to be
     * compatible with Java and Go versions)
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that
     * can save space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very
     * sparse bitmaps).
     */
    size_t getSizeInBytes(bool portable = true) const {
        if (portable)
            return api::roaring_bitmap_portable_size_in_bytes(&roaring);
        else
            return api::roaring_bitmap_size_in_bytes(&roaring);
    }

    static const Roaring frozenView(const char *buf, size_t length) {
        const roaring_bitmap_t *s =
            api::roaring_bitmap_frozen_view(buf, length);
        if (s == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed to read frozen bitmap");
        }
        Roaring r;
        r.roaring = *s;
        return r;
    }

    void writeFrozen(char *buf) const {
        roaring_bitmap_frozen_serialize(&roaring, buf);
    }

    size_t getFrozenSizeInBytes() const {
        return roaring_bitmap_frozen_size_in_bytes(&roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the intersection between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring operator&(const Roaring &o) const {
        roaring_bitmap_t *r = api::roaring_bitmap_and(&roaring, &o.roaring);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed materalization in and");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the difference between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring operator-(const Roaring &o) const {
        roaring_bitmap_t *r = api::roaring_bitmap_andnot(&roaring, &o.roaring);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed materalization in andnot");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring operator|(const Roaring &o) const {
        roaring_bitmap_t *r = api::roaring_bitmap_or(&roaring, &o.roaring);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed materalization in or");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the symmetric union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring operator^(const Roaring &o) const {
        roaring_bitmap_t *r = api::roaring_bitmap_xor(&roaring, &o.roaring);
        if (r == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed materalization in xor");
        }
        return Roaring(r);
    }

    /**
     * Whether or not we apply copy and write.
     */
    void setCopyOnWrite(bool val) {
        api::roaring_bitmap_set_copy_on_write(&roaring, val);
    }

    /**
     * Print the content of the bitmap
     */
    void printf() const { api::roaring_bitmap_printf(&roaring); }

    /**
     * Print the content of the bitmap into a string
     */
    std::string toString() const {
        struct iter_data {
            std::string str{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
            char first_char = '{';
        } outer_iter_data;
        if (!isEmpty()) {
            iterate(
                [](uint32_t value, void *inner_iter_data) -> bool {
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str +=
                        ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char;
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str +=
                        std::to_string(value);
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char = ',';
                    return true;
                },
                (void *)&outer_iter_data);
        } else
            outer_iter_data.str = '{';
        outer_iter_data.str += '}';
        return outer_iter_data.str;
    }

    /**
     * Whether or not copy and write is active.
     */
    bool getCopyOnWrite() const {
        return api::roaring_bitmap_get_copy_on_write(&roaring);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the logical or (union) between "n" bitmaps (referenced by a
     * pointer).
     */
    static Roaring fastunion(size_t n, const Roaring **inputs) {
        const roaring_bitmap_t **x =
            (const roaring_bitmap_t **)roaring_malloc(n * sizeof(roaring_bitmap_t *));
        if (x == NULL) {
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed memory alloc in fastunion");
        }
        for (size_t k = 0; k < n; ++k) x[k] = &inputs[k]->roaring;

        roaring_bitmap_t *c_ans = api::roaring_bitmap_or_many(n, x);
        if (c_ans == NULL) {
            roaring_free(x);
            ROARING_TERMINATE("failed memory alloc in fastunion");
        }
        Roaring ans(c_ans);
        roaring_free(x);
        return ans;
    }

    typedef RoaringSetBitForwardIterator const_iterator;

    /**
     * Returns an iterator that can be used to access the position of the set
     * bits. The running time complexity of a full scan is proportional to the
     * number of set bits: be aware that if you have long strings of 1s, this
     * can be very inefficient.
     *
     * It can be much faster to use the toArray method if you want to retrieve
     * the set bits.
     */
    const_iterator begin() const;

    /**
     * A bogus iterator that can be used together with begin()
     * for constructions such as for (auto i = b.begin(); * i!=b.end(); ++i) {}
     */
    const_iterator &end() const;

    roaring_bitmap_t roaring;
};

/**
 * Used to go through the set bits. Not optimally fast, but convenient.
 */
class RoaringSetBitForwardIterator final {
public:
    typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
    typedef uint32_t *pointer;
    typedef uint32_t &reference_type;
    typedef uint32_t value_type;
    typedef int32_t difference_type;
    typedef RoaringSetBitForwardIterator type_of_iterator;

    /**
     * Provides the location of the set bit.
     */
    value_type operator*() const { return i.current_value; }

    bool operator<(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (!i.has_value) return false;
        if (!o.i.has_value) return true;
        return i.current_value < *o;
    }

    bool operator<=(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (!o.i.has_value) return true;
        if (!i.has_value) return false;
        return i.current_value <= *o;
    }

    bool operator>(const type_of_iterator &o)  const {
        if (!o.i.has_value) return false;
        if (!i.has_value) return true;
        return i.current_value > *o;
    }

    bool operator>=(const type_of_iterator &o)  const {
        if (!i.has_value) return true;
        if (!o.i.has_value) return false;
        return i.current_value >= *o;
    }

    /**
     * Move the iterator to the first value >= val.
     */
    void equalorlarger(uint32_t val) {
        api::roaring_move_uint32_iterator_equalorlarger(&i,val);
    }

    type_of_iterator &operator++() {  // ++i, must returned inc. value
        api::roaring_advance_uint32_iterator(&i);
        return *this;
    }

    type_of_iterator operator++(int) {  // i++, must return orig. value
        RoaringSetBitForwardIterator orig(*this);
        api::roaring_advance_uint32_iterator(&i);
        return orig;
    }

    type_of_iterator& operator--() { // prefix --
        api::roaring_previous_uint32_iterator(&i);
        return *this;
    }

    type_of_iterator operator--(int) { // postfix --
        RoaringSetBitForwardIterator orig(*this);
        api::roaring_previous_uint32_iterator(&i);
        return orig;
    }

    bool operator==(const RoaringSetBitForwardIterator &o) const {
        return i.current_value == *o && i.has_value == o.i.has_value;
    }

    bool operator!=(const RoaringSetBitForwardIterator &o) const {
        return i.current_value != *o || i.has_value != o.i.has_value;
    }

    RoaringSetBitForwardIterator(const Roaring &parent,
                                 bool exhausted = false) {
        if (exhausted) {
            i.parent = &parent.roaring;
            i.container_index = INT32_MAX;
            i.has_value = false;
            i.current_value = UINT32_MAX;
        } else {
            api::roaring_init_iterator(&parent.roaring, &i);
        }
    }

    api::roaring_uint32_iterator_t i{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
};

inline RoaringSetBitForwardIterator Roaring::begin() const {
    return RoaringSetBitForwardIterator(*this);
}

inline RoaringSetBitForwardIterator &Roaring::end() const {
    static RoaringSetBitForwardIterator e(*this, true);
    return e;
}

}  // namespace roaring

#endif /* INCLUDE_ROARING_HH_ */
/* end file cpp/roaring.hh */
/* begin file cpp/roaring64map.hh */
/*
A C++ header for 64-bit Roaring Bitmaps, implemented by way of a map of many
32-bit Roaring Bitmaps.
*/
#ifndef INCLUDE_ROARING_64_MAP_HH_
#define INCLUDE_ROARING_64_MAP_HH_

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdarg>  // for va_list handling in bitmapOf()
#include <cstdio>  // for std::printf() in the printf() method
#include <cstring>  // for std::memcpy()
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <new>
#include <numeric>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

using roaring::Roaring;

namespace roaring {

class Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator;
class Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator;

class Roaring64Map {
    typedef api::roaring_bitmap_t roaring_bitmap_t;

public:
    /**
     * Create an empty bitmap
     */
    Roaring64Map() = default;

    /**
     * Construct a bitmap from a list of 32-bit integer values.
     */
    Roaring64Map(size_t n, const uint32_t *data) { addMany(n, data); }

    /**
     * Construct a bitmap from a list of 64-bit integer values.
     */
    Roaring64Map(size_t n, const uint64_t *data) { addMany(n, data); }

    /**
     * Construct a 64-bit map from a 32-bit one
     */
    explicit Roaring64Map(const Roaring &r) { emplaceOrInsert(0, r); }

    /**
     * Construct a roaring object from the C struct.
     *
     * Passing a NULL point is unsafe.
     */
    explicit Roaring64Map(roaring_bitmap_t *s) {
        Roaring r(s);
        emplaceOrInsert(0, r);
    }

    Roaring64Map(const Roaring64Map& r)
        : roarings(r.roarings),
          copyOnWrite(r.copyOnWrite) { }

    Roaring64Map(Roaring64Map&& r)
        : roarings(r.roarings),
          copyOnWrite(r.copyOnWrite) { }

    /**
     * Assignment operator.
     */
    Roaring64Map &operator=(const Roaring64Map &r) {
        roarings = r.roarings;
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Construct a bitmap from a list of integer values.
     */
    static Roaring64Map bitmapOf(size_t n...) {
        Roaring64Map ans;
        va_list vl;
        va_start(vl, n);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            ans.add(va_arg(vl, uint64_t));
        }
        va_end(vl);
        return ans;
    }

    /**
     * Add value x
     */
    void add(uint32_t x) {
        roarings[0].add(x);
        roarings[0].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
    }
    void add(uint64_t x) {
        roarings[highBytes(x)].add(lowBytes(x));
        roarings[highBytes(x)].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
    }

    /**
     * Add value x
     * Returns true if a new value was added, false if the value was already existing.
     */
    bool addChecked(uint32_t x) {
        bool result = roarings[0].addChecked(x);
        roarings[0].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
        return result;
    }
    bool addChecked(uint64_t x) {
        bool result = roarings[highBytes(x)].addChecked(lowBytes(x));
        roarings[highBytes(x)].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Add value n_args from pointer vals
     */
    void addMany(size_t n_args, const uint32_t *vals) {
        for (size_t lcv = 0; lcv < n_args; lcv++) {
            roarings[0].add(vals[lcv]);
            roarings[0].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
        }
    }
    void addMany(size_t n_args, const uint64_t *vals) {
        for (size_t lcv = 0; lcv < n_args; lcv++) {
            roarings[highBytes(vals[lcv])].add(lowBytes(vals[lcv]));
            roarings[highBytes(vals[lcv])].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove value x
     */
    void remove(uint32_t x) { roarings[0].remove(x); }
    void remove(uint64_t x) {
        auto roaring_iter = roarings.find(highBytes(x));
        if (roaring_iter != roarings.cend())
            roaring_iter->second.remove(lowBytes(x));
    }

    /**
     * Remove value x
     * Returns true if a new value was removed, false if the value was not existing.
     */
    bool removeChecked(uint32_t x) {
        return roarings[0].removeChecked(x);
    }
    bool removeChecked(uint64_t x) {
        auto roaring_iter = roarings.find(highBytes(x));
        if (roaring_iter != roarings.cend())
            return roaring_iter->second.removeChecked(lowBytes(x));
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Clear the bitmap
     */
    void clear() {
        roarings.clear();
    }

    /**
     * Return the largest value (if not empty)
     */
    uint64_t maximum() const {
        for (auto roaring_iter = roarings.crbegin();
             roaring_iter != roarings.crend(); ++roaring_iter) {
            if (!roaring_iter->second.isEmpty()) {
                return uniteBytes(roaring_iter->first,
                                  roaring_iter->second.maximum());
            }
        }
        // we put std::numeric_limits<>::max/min in parenthesis
        // to avoid a clash with the Windows.h header under Windows
        return (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::min)();
    }

    /**
     * Return the smallest value (if not empty)
     */
    uint64_t minimum() const {
        for (auto roaring_iter = roarings.cbegin();
             roaring_iter != roarings.cend(); ++roaring_iter) {
            if (!roaring_iter->second.isEmpty()) {
                return uniteBytes(roaring_iter->first,
                                  roaring_iter->second.minimum());
            }
        }
        // we put std::numeric_limits<>::max/min in parenthesis
        // to avoid a clash with the Windows.h header under Windows
        return (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)();
    }

    /**
     * Check if value x is present
     */
    bool contains(uint32_t x) const {
        return roarings.count(0) == 0 ? false : roarings.at(0).contains(x);
    }
    bool contains(uint64_t x) const {
        return roarings.count(highBytes(x)) == 0
            ? false
            : roarings.at(highBytes(x)).contains(lowBytes(x));
    }

    /**
     * Compute the intersection between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring64Map &operator&=(const Roaring64Map &r) {
        for (auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            if (r.roarings.count(map_entry.first) == 1)
                map_entry.second &= r.roarings.at(map_entry.first);
            else
                map_entry.second = Roaring();
        }
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the difference between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring64Map &operator-=(const Roaring64Map &r) {
        for (auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            if (r.roarings.count(map_entry.first) == 1)
                map_entry.second -= r.roarings.at(map_entry.first);
        }
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the union between the current bitmap and the provided bitmap,
     * writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap is not
     * modified.
     *
     * See also the fastunion function to aggregate many bitmaps more quickly.
     */
    Roaring64Map &operator|=(const Roaring64Map &r) {
        for (const auto &map_entry : r.roarings) {
            if (roarings.count(map_entry.first) == 0) {
                roarings[map_entry.first] = map_entry.second;
                roarings[map_entry.first].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
            } else
                roarings[map_entry.first] |= map_entry.second;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the symmetric union between the current bitmap and the provided
     * bitmap, writing the result in the current bitmap. The provided bitmap
     * is not modified.
     */
    Roaring64Map &operator^=(const Roaring64Map &r) {
        for (const auto &map_entry : r.roarings) {
            if (roarings.count(map_entry.first) == 0) {
                roarings[map_entry.first] = map_entry.second;
                roarings[map_entry.first].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
            } else
                roarings[map_entry.first] ^= map_entry.second;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Exchange the content of this bitmap with another.
     */
    void swap(Roaring64Map &r) { roarings.swap(r.roarings); }

    /**
     * Get the cardinality of the bitmap (number of elements).
     * Throws std::length_error in the special case where the bitmap is full
     * (cardinality() == 2^64). Check isFull() before calling to avoid
     * exception.
     */
    uint64_t cardinality() const {
        if (isFull()) {
#if ROARING_EXCEPTIONS
            throw std::length_error("bitmap is full, cardinality is 2^64, "
                                    "unable to represent in a 64-bit integer");
#else
            ROARING_TERMINATE("bitmap is full, cardinality is 2^64, "
                              "unable to represent in a 64-bit integer");
#endif
        }
        return std::accumulate(
            roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(), (uint64_t)0,
            [](uint64_t previous,
               const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                return previous + map_entry.second.cardinality();
            });
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is empty (cardinality is zero).
     */
    bool isEmpty() const {
        return std::all_of(roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(),
                           [](const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                               return map_entry.second.isEmpty();
                           });
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is full (cardinality is max uint64_t + 1).
     */
    bool isFull() const {
        // only bother to check if map is fully saturated
        //
        // we put std::numeric_limits<>::max/min in parenthesis
        // to avoid a clash with the Windows.h header under Windows
        return roarings.size() ==
            ((uint64_t)(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) + 1
            ? std::all_of(
                roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(),
                [](const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &roaring_map_entry) {
                    // roarings within map are saturated if cardinality
                    // is uint32_t max + 1
                    return roaring_map_entry.second.cardinality() ==
                        ((uint64_t)
                         (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) +
                        1;
                })
            : false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is subset of the other.
     */
    bool isSubset(const Roaring64Map &r) const {
        for (const auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            auto roaring_iter = r.roarings.find(map_entry.first);
            if (roaring_iter == r.roarings.cend())
                return false;
            else if (!map_entry.second.isSubset(roaring_iter->second))
                return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the bitmap is strict subset of the other.
     * Throws std::length_error in the special case where the bitmap is full
     * (cardinality() == 2^64). Check isFull() before calling to avoid exception.
     */
    bool isStrictSubset(const Roaring64Map &r) const {
        return isSubset(r) && cardinality() != r.cardinality();
    }

    /**
     * Convert the bitmap to an array. Write the output to "ans",
     * caller is responsible to ensure that there is enough memory
     * allocated
     * (e.g., ans = new uint32[mybitmap.cardinality()];)
     */
    void toUint64Array(uint64_t *ans) const {
        // Annoyingly, VS 2017 marks std::accumulate() as [[nodiscard]]
        (void)std::accumulate(roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(), ans,
                              [](uint64_t *previous,
                                 const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                                  for (uint32_t low_bits : map_entry.second)
                                      *previous++ =
                                          uniteBytes(map_entry.first, low_bits);
                                  return previous;
                              });
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the two bitmaps contain the same elements.
     */
    bool operator==(const Roaring64Map &r) const {
        // we cannot use operator == on the map because either side may contain
        // empty Roaring Bitmaps
        auto lhs_iter = roarings.cbegin();
        auto lhs_cend = roarings.cend();
        auto rhs_iter = r.roarings.cbegin();
        auto rhs_cend = r.roarings.cend();
        while (lhs_iter != lhs_cend && rhs_iter != rhs_cend) {
            auto lhs_key = lhs_iter->first, rhs_key = rhs_iter->first;
            const auto &lhs_map = lhs_iter->second, &rhs_map = rhs_iter->second;
            if (lhs_map.isEmpty()) {
                ++lhs_iter;
                continue;
            }
            if (rhs_map.isEmpty()) {
                ++rhs_iter;
                continue;
            }
            if (!(lhs_key == rhs_key)) {
                return false;
            }
            if (!(lhs_map == rhs_map)) {
                return false;
            }
            ++lhs_iter;
            ++rhs_iter;
        }
        while (lhs_iter != lhs_cend) {
            if (!lhs_iter->second.isEmpty()) {
                return false;
            }
            ++lhs_iter;
        }
        while (rhs_iter != rhs_cend) {
            if (!rhs_iter->second.isEmpty()) {
                return false;
            }
            ++rhs_iter;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Compute the negation of the roaring bitmap within a specified interval.
     * areas outside the range are passed through unchanged.
     */
    void flip(uint64_t range_start, uint64_t range_end) {
        uint32_t start_high = highBytes(range_start);
        uint32_t start_low = lowBytes(range_start);
        uint32_t end_high = highBytes(range_end);
        uint32_t end_low = lowBytes(range_end);

        if (start_high == end_high) {
            roarings[start_high].flip(start_low, end_low);
            return;
        }
        // we put std::numeric_limits<>::max/min in parenthesis
        // to avoid a clash with the Windows.h header under Windows
        roarings[start_high].flip(start_low,
                                  (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)());
        roarings[start_high++].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);

        for (; start_high <= highBytes(range_end) - 1; ++start_high) {
            roarings[start_high].flip((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::min)(),
                                      (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)());
            roarings[start_high].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
        }

        roarings[start_high].flip((std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::min)(),
                                  end_low);
        roarings[start_high].setCopyOnWrite(copyOnWrite);
    }

    /**
     * Remove run-length encoding even when it is more space efficient
     * return whether a change was applied
     */
    bool removeRunCompression() {
        return std::accumulate(
            roarings.begin(), roarings.end(), true,
            [](bool previous, std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                return map_entry.second.removeRunCompression() && previous;
            });
    }

    /**
     * Convert array and bitmap containers to run containers when it is more
     * efficient; also convert from run containers when more space efficient.
     * Returns true if the result has at least one run container.
     * Additional savings might be possible by calling shrinkToFit().
     */
    bool runOptimize() {
        return std::accumulate(
            roarings.begin(), roarings.end(), true,
            [](bool previous, std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                return map_entry.second.runOptimize() && previous;
            });
    }

    /**
     * If needed, reallocate memory to shrink the memory usage.
     * Returns the number of bytes saved.
     */
    size_t shrinkToFit() {
        size_t savedBytes = 0;
        auto iter = roarings.begin();
        while (iter != roarings.cend()) {
            if (iter->second.isEmpty()) {
                // empty Roarings are 84 bytes
                savedBytes += 88;
                roarings.erase(iter++);
            } else {
                savedBytes += iter->second.shrinkToFit();
                iter++;
            }
        }
        return savedBytes;
    }

    /**
     * Iterate over the bitmap elements in order(start from the smallest one)
     * and call iterator once for every element until the iterator function
     * returns false. To iterate over all values, the iterator function should
     * always return true.
     *
     * The roaring_iterator64 parameter is a pointer to a function that
     * returns bool (true means that the iteration should continue while false
     * means that it should stop), and takes (uint64_t element, void* ptr) as
     * inputs.
     */
    void iterate(api::roaring_iterator64 iterator, void *ptr) const {
        for (const auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            bool should_continue =
                roaring_iterate64(&map_entry.second.roaring, iterator,
                                  uint64_t(map_entry.first) << 32, ptr);
            if (!should_continue) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * If the size of the roaring bitmap is strictly greater than rank, then
     * this function returns true and set element to the element of given
     * rank.  Otherwise, it returns false.
     */
    bool select(uint64_t rnk, uint64_t *element) const {
        for (const auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            uint64_t sub_cardinality = (uint64_t)map_entry.second.cardinality();
            if (rnk < sub_cardinality) {
                *element = ((uint64_t)map_entry.first) << 32;
                // assuming little endian
                return map_entry.second.select((uint32_t)rnk,
                                               ((uint32_t *)element));
            }
            rnk -= sub_cardinality;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of integers that are smaller or equal to x.
     */
    uint64_t rank(uint64_t x) const {
        uint64_t result = 0;
        auto roaring_destination = roarings.find(highBytes(x));
        if (roaring_destination != roarings.cend()) {
            for (auto roaring_iter = roarings.cbegin();
                 roaring_iter != roaring_destination; ++roaring_iter) {
                result += roaring_iter->second.cardinality();
            }
            result += roaring_destination->second.rank(lowBytes(x));
            return result;
        }
        roaring_destination = roarings.lower_bound(highBytes(x));
        for (auto roaring_iter = roarings.cbegin();
             roaring_iter != roaring_destination; ++roaring_iter) {
            result += roaring_iter->second.cardinality();
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Write a bitmap to a char buffer. This is meant to be compatible with
     * the Java and Go versions. Returns how many bytes were written which
     * should be getSizeInBytes().
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enables a custom format that
     * can save space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very
     * sparse bitmaps).
     */
    size_t write(char *buf, bool portable = true) const {
        const char *orig = buf;
        // push map size
        uint64_t map_size = roarings.size();
        std::memcpy(buf, &map_size, sizeof(uint64_t));
        buf += sizeof(uint64_t);
        std::for_each(
            roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(),
            [&buf, portable](const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                // push map key
                std::memcpy(buf, &map_entry.first, sizeof(uint32_t));
                // ^-- Note: `*((uint32_t*)buf) = map_entry.first;` is undefined

                buf += sizeof(uint32_t);
                // push map value Roaring
                buf += map_entry.second.write(buf, portable);
            });
        return buf - orig;
    }

    /**
     * Read a bitmap from a serialized version. This is meant to be compatible
     * with the Java and Go versions.
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that
     * can save space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very
     * sparse bitmaps).
     *
     * This function is unsafe in the sense that if you provide bad data, many
     * bytes could be read, possibly causing a buffer overflow. See also
     * readSafe.
     */
    static Roaring64Map read(const char *buf, bool portable = true) {
        Roaring64Map result;
        // get map size
        uint64_t map_size;
        std::memcpy(&map_size, buf, sizeof(uint64_t));
        buf += sizeof(uint64_t);
        for (uint64_t lcv = 0; lcv < map_size; lcv++) {
            // get map key
            uint32_t key;
            std::memcpy(&key, buf, sizeof(uint32_t));
            // ^-- Note: `uint32_t key = *((uint32_t*)buf);` is undefined

            buf += sizeof(uint32_t);
            // read map value Roaring
            Roaring read_var = Roaring::read(buf, portable);
            // forward buffer past the last Roaring Bitmap
            buf += read_var.getSizeInBytes(portable);
            result.emplaceOrInsert(key, std::move(read_var));
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Read a bitmap from a serialized version, reading no more than maxbytes
     * bytes.  This is meant to be compatible with the Java and Go versions.
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that can save
     * space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very sparse bitmaps).
     */
    static Roaring64Map readSafe(const char *buf, size_t maxbytes) {
        Roaring64Map result;
        // get map size
        uint64_t map_size;
        std::memcpy(&map_size, buf, sizeof(uint64_t));
        buf += sizeof(uint64_t);
        for (uint64_t lcv = 0; lcv < map_size; lcv++) {
            // get map key
            if(maxbytes < sizeof(uint32_t)) {
#if ROARING_EXCEPTIONS
                throw std::runtime_error("ran out of bytes");
#else
                ROARING_TERMINATE("ran out of bytes");
#endif
            }
            uint32_t key;
            std::memcpy(&key, buf, sizeof(uint32_t));
            // ^-- Note: `uint32_t key = *((uint32_t*)buf);` is undefined

            buf += sizeof(uint32_t);
            maxbytes -= sizeof(uint32_t);
            // read map value Roaring
            Roaring read_var = Roaring::readSafe(buf, maxbytes);
            // forward buffer past the last Roaring Bitmap
            size_t tz = read_var.getSizeInBytes(true);
            buf += tz;
            maxbytes -= tz;
            result.emplaceOrInsert(key, std::move(read_var));
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Return the number of bytes required to serialize this bitmap (meant to
     * be compatible with Java and Go versions)
     *
     * Setting the portable flag to false enable a custom format that can save
     * space compared to the portable format (e.g., for very sparse bitmaps).
     */
    size_t getSizeInBytes(bool portable = true) const {
        // start with, respectively, map size and size of keys for each map
        // entry
        return std::accumulate(
            roarings.cbegin(), roarings.cend(),
            sizeof(uint64_t) + roarings.size() * sizeof(uint32_t),
            [=](size_t previous,
                const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                // add in bytes used by each Roaring
                return previous + map_entry.second.getSizeInBytes(portable);
            });
    }

    static const Roaring64Map frozenView(const char *buf) {
        // size of bitmap buffer and key
        const size_t metadata_size = sizeof(size_t) + sizeof(uint32_t);

        Roaring64Map result;

        // get map size
        uint64_t map_size;
        memcpy(&map_size, buf, sizeof(uint64_t));
        buf += sizeof(uint64_t);

        for (uint64_t lcv = 0; lcv < map_size; lcv++) {
            // pad to 32 bytes minus the metadata size
            while (((uintptr_t)buf + metadata_size) % 32 != 0) buf++;

            // get bitmap size
            size_t len;
            memcpy(&len, buf, sizeof(size_t));
            buf += sizeof(size_t);

            // get map key
            uint32_t key;
            memcpy(&key, buf, sizeof(uint32_t));
            buf += sizeof(uint32_t);

            // read map value Roaring
            const Roaring read = Roaring::frozenView(buf, len);
            result.emplaceOrInsert(key, read);

            // forward buffer past the last Roaring Bitmap
            buf += len;
        }
        return result;
    }

    // As with serialized 64-bit bitmaps, 64-bit frozen bitmaps are serialized
    // by concatenating one or more Roaring::write output buffers with the
    // preceeding map key. Unlike standard bitmap serialization, frozen bitmaps
    // must be 32-byte aligned and requires a buffer length to parse. As a
    // result, each concatenated output of Roaring::writeFrozen is preceeded by
    // padding, the buffer size (size_t), and the map key (uint32_t). The
    // padding is used to ensure 32-byte alignment, but since it is followed by
    // the buffer size and map key, it actually pads to `(x - sizeof(size_t) +
    // sizeof(uint32_t)) mod 32` to leave room for the metadata.
    void writeFrozen(char *buf) const {
        // size of bitmap buffer and key
        const size_t metadata_size = sizeof(size_t) + sizeof(uint32_t);

        // push map size
        uint64_t map_size = roarings.size();
        memcpy(buf, &map_size, sizeof(uint64_t));
        buf += sizeof(uint64_t);

        for (auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            size_t frozenSizeInBytes = map_entry.second.getFrozenSizeInBytes();

            // pad to 32 bytes minus the metadata size
            while (((uintptr_t)buf + metadata_size) % 32 != 0) buf++;

            // push bitmap size
            memcpy(buf, &frozenSizeInBytes, sizeof(size_t));
            buf += sizeof(size_t);

            // push map key
            memcpy(buf, &map_entry.first, sizeof(uint32_t));
            buf += sizeof(uint32_t);

            // push map value Roaring
            map_entry.second.writeFrozen(buf);
            buf += map_entry.second.getFrozenSizeInBytes();
        }
    }

    size_t getFrozenSizeInBytes() const {
        // size of bitmap size and map key
        const size_t metadata_size = sizeof(size_t) + sizeof(uint32_t);
        size_t ret = 0;

        // map size
        ret += sizeof(uint64_t);

        for (auto &map_entry : roarings) {
            // pad to 32 bytes minus the metadata size
            while ((ret + metadata_size) % 32 != 0) ret++;
            ret += metadata_size;

            // frozen bitmaps must be 32-byte aligned
            ret += map_entry.second.getFrozenSizeInBytes();
        }
        return ret;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the intersection between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring64Map operator&(const Roaring64Map &o) const {
        return Roaring64Map(*this) &= o;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the difference between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring64Map operator-(const Roaring64Map &o) const {
        return Roaring64Map(*this) -= o;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring64Map operator|(const Roaring64Map &o) const {
        return Roaring64Map(*this) |= o;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the symmetric union between two bitmaps and returns new bitmap.
     * The current bitmap and the provided bitmap are unchanged.
     */
    Roaring64Map operator^(const Roaring64Map &o) const {
        return Roaring64Map(*this) ^= o;
    }

    /**
     * Whether or not we apply copy and write.
     */
    void setCopyOnWrite(bool val) {
        if (copyOnWrite == val) return;
        copyOnWrite = val;
        std::for_each(roarings.begin(), roarings.end(),
                      [=](std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                          map_entry.second.setCopyOnWrite(val);
                      });
    }

    /**
     * Print the content of the bitmap
     */
    void printf() const {
        if (!isEmpty()) {
            auto map_iter = roarings.cbegin();
            while (map_iter->second.isEmpty()) ++map_iter;
            struct iter_data {
                uint32_t high_bits{};
                char first_char{'{'};
            } outer_iter_data;
            outer_iter_data.high_bits = roarings.begin()->first;
            map_iter->second.iterate(
                [](uint32_t low_bits, void *inner_iter_data) -> bool {
                    std::printf("%c%llu",
                                ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char,
                                (long long unsigned)uniteBytes(
                                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->high_bits,
                                    low_bits));
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char = ',';
                    return true;
                },
                (void *)&outer_iter_data);
            std::for_each(
                ++map_iter, roarings.cend(),
                [](const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                    map_entry.second.iterate(
                        [](uint32_t low_bits, void *high_bits) -> bool {
                            std::printf(",%llu",
                                        (long long unsigned)uniteBytes(
                                            *(uint32_t *)high_bits, low_bits));
                            return true;
                        },
                        (void *)&map_entry.first);
                });
        } else
            std::printf("{");
        std::printf("}\n");
    }

    /**
     * Print the content of the bitmap into a string
     */
    std::string toString() const {
        struct iter_data {
            std::string str{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
            uint32_t high_bits{0};
            char first_char{'{'};
        } outer_iter_data;
        if (!isEmpty()) {
            auto map_iter = roarings.cbegin();
            while (map_iter->second.isEmpty()) ++map_iter;
            outer_iter_data.high_bits = roarings.begin()->first;
            map_iter->second.iterate(
                [](uint32_t low_bits, void *inner_iter_data) -> bool {
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str +=
                        ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char;
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str += std::to_string(
                        uniteBytes(((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->high_bits,
                                   low_bits));
                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char = ',';
                    return true;
                },
                (void *)&outer_iter_data);
            std::for_each(
                ++map_iter, roarings.cend(),
                [&outer_iter_data](
                    const std::pair<const uint32_t, Roaring> &map_entry) {
                    outer_iter_data.high_bits = map_entry.first;
                    map_entry.second.iterate(
                        [](uint32_t low_bits, void *inner_iter_data) -> bool {
                            ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str +=
                                ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->first_char;
                            ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->str +=
                                std::to_string(uniteBytes(
                                    ((iter_data *)inner_iter_data)->high_bits,
                                    low_bits));
                            return true;
                        },
                        (void *)&outer_iter_data);
                });
        } else
            outer_iter_data.str = '{';
        outer_iter_data.str += '}';
        return outer_iter_data.str;
    }

    /**
     * Whether or not copy and write is active.
     */
    bool getCopyOnWrite() const { return copyOnWrite; }

    /**
     * Computes the logical or (union) between "n" bitmaps (referenced by a
     * pointer).
     */
    static Roaring64Map fastunion(size_t n, const Roaring64Map **inputs) {
        Roaring64Map ans;
        // not particularly fast
        for (size_t lcv = 0; lcv < n; ++lcv) {
            ans |= *(inputs[lcv]);
        }
        return ans;
    }

    friend class Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator;
    friend class Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator;
    typedef Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator const_iterator;
    typedef Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator const_bidirectional_iterator;

    /**
     * Returns an iterator that can be used to access the position of the set
     * bits. The running time complexity of a full scan is proportional to the
     * number of set bits: be aware that if you have long strings of 1s, this
     * can be very inefficient.
     *
     * It can be much faster to use the toArray method if you want to
     * retrieve the set bits.
     */
    const_iterator begin() const;

    /**
     * A bogus iterator that can be used together with begin()
     * for constructions such as: for (auto i = b.begin(); * i!=b.end(); ++i) {}
     */
    const_iterator end() const;

private:
    std::map<uint32_t, Roaring> roarings{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
    bool copyOnWrite{false};
    static uint32_t highBytes(const uint64_t in) { return uint32_t(in >> 32); }
    static uint32_t lowBytes(const uint64_t in) { return uint32_t(in); }
    static uint64_t uniteBytes(const uint32_t highBytes,
                               const uint32_t lowBytes) {
        return (uint64_t(highBytes) << 32) | uint64_t(lowBytes);
    }
    // this is needed to tolerate gcc's C++11 libstdc++ lacking emplace
    // prior to version 4.8
    void emplaceOrInsert(const uint32_t key, const Roaring &value) {
#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ < 20130322
        roarings.insert(std::make_pair(key, value));
#else
        roarings.emplace(std::make_pair(key, value));
#endif
    }

    void emplaceOrInsert(const uint32_t key, Roaring &&value) {
#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ < 20130322
        roarings.insert(std::make_pair(key, std::move(value)));
#else
        roarings.emplace(key, value);
#endif
    }
};

/**
 * Used to go through the set bits. Not optimally fast, but convenient.
 */
class Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator {
public:
    typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
    typedef uint64_t *pointer;
    typedef uint64_t &reference_type;
    typedef uint64_t value_type;
    typedef int64_t difference_type;
    typedef Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator type_of_iterator;

    /**
     * Provides the location of the set bit.
     */
    value_type operator*() const {
        return Roaring64Map::uniteBytes(map_iter->first, i.current_value);
    }

    bool operator<(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (map_iter == map_end) return false;
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return true;
        return **this < *o;
    }

    bool operator<=(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return true;
        if (map_iter == map_end) return false;
        return **this <= *o;
    }

    bool operator>(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return false;
        if (map_iter == map_end) return true;
        return **this > *o;
    }

    bool operator>=(const type_of_iterator &o) const {
        if (map_iter == map_end) return true;
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return false;
        return **this >= *o;
    }

    type_of_iterator &operator++() {  // ++i, must returned inc. value
        if (i.has_value == true) roaring_advance_uint32_iterator(&i);
        while (!i.has_value) {
            map_iter++;
            if (map_iter == map_end) return *this;
            roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
        }
        return *this;
    }

    type_of_iterator operator++(int) {  // i++, must return orig. value
        Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator orig(*this);
        roaring_advance_uint32_iterator(&i);
        while (!i.has_value) {
            map_iter++;
            if (map_iter == map_end) return orig;
            roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
        }
        return orig;
    }

    bool move(const value_type& x) {
        map_iter = p.lower_bound(Roaring64Map::highBytes(x));
        if (map_iter != p.cend()) {
            roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            if (map_iter->first == Roaring64Map::highBytes(x)) {
                if (roaring_move_uint32_iterator_equalorlarger(&i, Roaring64Map::lowBytes(x)))
                    return true;
                map_iter++;
                if (map_iter == map_end) return false;
                roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            }
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    bool operator==(const Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator &o) const {
        if (map_iter == map_end && o.map_iter == o.map_end) return true;
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return false;
        return **this == *o;
    }

    bool operator!=(const Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator &o) const {
        if (map_iter == map_end && o.map_iter == o.map_end) return false;
        if (o.map_iter == o.map_end) return true;
        return **this != *o;
    }

    Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator &operator=(const Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator& r) {
        map_iter = r.map_iter;
        map_end = r.map_end;
        i = r.i;
        return *this;
    }

    Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator(const Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator& r)
        : p(r.p),
          map_iter(r.map_iter),
          map_end(r.map_end),
          i(r.i)
    {}

    Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator(const Roaring64Map &parent,
                                      bool exhausted = false)
        : p(parent.roarings), map_end(parent.roarings.cend()) {
        if (exhausted || parent.roarings.empty()) {
            map_iter = parent.roarings.cend();
        } else {
            map_iter = parent.roarings.cbegin();
            roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            while (!i.has_value) {
                map_iter++;
                if (map_iter == map_end) return;
                roaring_init_iterator(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            }
        }
    }

protected:
    const std::map<uint32_t, Roaring>& p;
    std::map<uint32_t, Roaring>::const_iterator map_iter{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
    std::map<uint32_t, Roaring>::const_iterator map_end{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
    api::roaring_uint32_iterator_t i{}; // The empty constructor silences warnings from pedantic static analyzers.
};

class Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator final :public Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator {
public:
    explicit Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator(const Roaring64Map &parent,
                                                     bool exhausted = false)
        : Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator(parent, exhausted), map_begin(parent.roarings.cbegin())
    {}

    Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator &operator=(const Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator& r) {
        *(Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator*)this = r;
        return *this;
    }

    Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator& operator--() { //  --i, must return dec.value
        if (map_iter == map_end) {
            --map_iter;
            roaring_init_iterator_last(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            if (i.has_value) return *this;
        }

        roaring_previous_uint32_iterator(&i);
        while (!i.has_value) {
            if (map_iter == map_begin) return *this;
            map_iter--;
            roaring_init_iterator_last(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
        }
        return *this;
    }

    Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator operator--(int) {  // i--, must return orig. value
        Roaring64MapSetBitBiDirectionalIterator orig(*this);
        if (map_iter == map_end) {
            --map_iter;
            roaring_init_iterator_last(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
            return orig;
        }

        roaring_previous_uint32_iterator(&i);
        while (!i.has_value) {
            if (map_iter == map_begin) return orig;
            map_iter--;
            roaring_init_iterator_last(&map_iter->second.roaring, &i);
        }
        return orig;
    }

protected:
    std::map<uint32_t, Roaring>::const_iterator map_begin;
};

inline Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator Roaring64Map::begin() const {
    return Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator(*this);
}

inline Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator Roaring64Map::end() const {
    return Roaring64MapSetBitForwardIterator(*this, true);
}

}  // namespace roaring

#endif /* INCLUDE_ROARING_64_MAP_HH_ */
/* end file cpp/roaring64map.hh */