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kprobe-template

I usually use kprobe/kretprobe in a kernel module. But I usually do a lot of pointless things. A lot of CTRL+C and CTRL+V. I am fed up with these. So I want to use macro definitions to do these meaningless things. So this is why I did this. Enjoy yourself.

Kernel configuration

In general, to use these features, the kernel should have been compiled with the following flags set:

CONFIG_HAVE_KPROBES=y
CONFIG_KPROBES=y
CONFIG_TRACEPOINTS=y
# [optional, for syscall tracepoint]
CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS=y

How to install

git clone https://github.com/smcdef/kprobe-template.git
cd kprobe-template
make -j8

The kprobes.kois the module name in the kprobe-template. Using the following command to install it.

make install

If the module is installed successfully, you can get the following message via the dmesg.

[ 3508.653292] kprobes: kprobe register at __close_fd+0x0/0xa0
[ 3508.659202] kprobes: kprobe register at do_sys_open+0x0/0x210
[ 3508.668907] kprobes: kretprobe register at inode_permission+0x0/0x180
[ 3508.668981] kprobes: tracepoint register at trace_signal_generate

If you want to uninstall the module, you can use the following command.

make remove

Also, the dmesg will output the following message.

[ 3508.672202] kprobes: tracepoint unregister at trace_signal_generate
[ 3508.672281] kprobes: kretprobe unregister at inode_permission+0x0/0x180
[ 3508.682470] kprobes: kprobe unregister at do_sys_open+0x0/0x210
[ 3508.699454] kprobes: kprobe unregister at __close_fd+0x0/0xa0

How to use

The API is mainly divided into three categories, namely kprobe, kretprobe and tracepoint. First let's see how to use the kprobe APIs.

kprobe

Now if you want to hook the do_sys_open function, what should you do. First of all, we can find the definition of the do_sys_open in the fs/open.c.

long do_sys_open(int dfd, const char __user *filename,
                 int flags, umode_t mode);

In the kprobe.h, there are seven APIs that we can use for kprobe.

KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE0(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE1(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE2(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE3(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE4(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE5(function);
KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE6(function);

KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE_OFFSET(function, offset);

As you can see, the do_sys_open has four parameters. So we should use the KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE4. For the same reason, if the function has none parameter. You should use the KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE0. Then we should program as follows.

#include "kprobe.h"

KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE4(do_sys_open,
                       int, dfd, const char __user *, filename,
                       int, flags, umode_t, mode)
{
        /* Now you get all parameters. */
        pr_info("mode: %x\n", mode);
        return 0;
}

kprobe at offset

If you want to kprobe a function at the special offet(e.g. 0x5). Just like this.

#include "kprobe.h"

KPROBE_HANDLER_DEFINE_OFFSET(do_sys_open, 0x5,
                             struct pt_regs *, regs)
{
        /*
         * The context registers are store in
         * the struct pt_regs.
         */
        return 0;
}

kretprobe

In the kprobe.h, there are seven APIs that we can use for kretprobe. Six of them are for entry handler, the other is for return handler.

/* entry handler */
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE0(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE1(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE2(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE3(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE4(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE5(func, type, arg);
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE6(func, type, arg);

/* return handler */
KRETPROBE_RET_HANDLER_DEFINE(func);

Suppose you want to trace do_sys_open, and you want to print the parameters passed by its caller only when do_sys_open returns an error. How to do that?

#include "kprobe.h"

struct parameters {
        const char __user *filename;
        int flags;
};

/* do_sys_open entry handler */
KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE4(do_sys_open, struct parameters *, pars,
                                int, dfd, const char __user *, filename,
                                int, flags, umode_t, mode)
{
        if (!current->mm)
                return -1;	/* Skip kernel threads */

        pars->filename = filename;
        pars->flags = flags;

        return 0;
}

/* do_sys_open return handler */
KRETPROBE_RET_HANDLER_DEFINE(do_sys_open,
                             struct parameters *, pars, int, retval)
{
        if (retval < 0)
                pr_info("flags: 0x%x, retval: %d\n", pars->flags, retval);
        return 0;
}

The do_sys_open has four parameters, so you should use KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE4. The struct parametersis the your own private data structure. If you only want to store one parameter or other privata data(maybe timestamp or what else you want), you can just use a long type instead of a structure. The KRETPROBE_RET_HANDLER_DEFINE only has two parameters, one is the private data structure and the other is the retval which is the return value of the do_sys_open function. The int type is the do_sys_open function return type. If the function return type is a pointer type, here should be a pointer type.

kretprobe at offset

The kretprobe does not support the specified offset except zero. So if you want to use the KRETPROBE_ENTRY_HANDLER_DEFINE_OFFSET(func, offset, type, arg) macro. The offset must be zero. Otherwise kretprobe will fail to register.

tracepoint

There is only one API for tracepoint. Now if you want to trace signal via trace_signal_generate. You can use the TRACEPOINT_HANDLER_DEFINE. Just like this.

#include "kprobe.h"

/* tracepoint signal_generate */
TRACEPOINT_HANDLER_DEFINE(signal_generate,
			  int sig, struct siginfo *info,
			  struct task_struct *task, int group, int result)
{
	static const char *result_name[] = {
		"deliverd",
		"ignored",
		"already_pending",
		"overflow_fail",
		"lose_info",
	};

	pr_info("%s(%d) send signal(%d) to %s %s(%d) with %s\n",
		current->comm, current->pid, sig, group ? "group" : "single",
		task->comm, task->pid, result_name[result]);
}