Asabeneh · Archie818 · Aug 30, 2024
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+<div align="center">
+  <h1> 30天Python：第15天——Python类型错误 </h1>
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+  </a>
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+  </a>
+
+<sub>作者:
+<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/asabeneh/" target="_blank">Asabeneh Yetayeh</a>
+<br>
+<small> 第二版: 2021 年 7 月</small>
+</sub>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+[<< 第 14 天](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md) | [第 16 天 >>](../16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime.md)
+
+![30DaysOfPython](../images/30DaysOfPython_banner3@2x.png)
+
+- [📘 第 15 天](#-第15天)
+  - [Python 错误类型](#python错误类型)
+    - [SyntaxError](#syntaxerror)
+    - [NameError](#nameerror)
+    - [IndexError](#indexerror)
+    - [ModuleNotFoundError](#modulenotfounderror)
+    - [AttributeError](#attributeerror)
+    - [KeyError](#keyerror)
+    - [TypeError](#typeerror)
+    - [ImportError](#importerror)
+    - [ValueError](#valueerror)
+    - [ZeroDivisionError](#zerodivisionerror)
+  - [💻 练习: 第 15 天](#练习-第15天)
+
+# 📘 第 15 天
+
+## Python 错误类型
+
+当我们编写代码时，很常见会打错字或出现其他一些常见错误。如果我们的代码不能运行，Python 解释器会显示一条信息，包含关于问题发生在哪里以及错误类型的反馈信息。它有时还会给我们提供可能的修复建议。理解编程语言中的不同类型的错误将有助于我们快速调试代码，同时也会使我们在工作中变得更优秀。
+
+让我们逐个来看最常见的错误类型。首先让我们打开 Python 交互式 Shell。打开电脑终端，输入‘python’，将会打开 Python 交互式 Shell。
+
+### SyntaxError
+
+**示例 1: SyntaxError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print 'hello world'
+  File "<stdin>", line 1
+    print 'hello world'
+                      ^
+SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，我们犯了一个语法错误，因为我们忘了用括号包裹字符串，Python 已经建议了解决办法。让我们修复它。
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print 'hello world'
+  File "<stdin>", line 1
+    print 'hello world'
+                      ^
+SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print('hello world')?
+>>> print('hello world')
+hello world
+>>>
+```
+
+错误类型是*SyntaxError*。修复之后我们的代码顺利执行了。让我们看看更多的错误类型。
+
+### NameError
+
+**示例 1: NameError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print(age)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'age' is not defined
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，消息显示年龄变量未定义。确实，我们没有定义年龄变量，但我们试图打印它。现在，让我们通过定义并赋值它来修复它。
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> print(age)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'age' is not defined
+>>> age = 25
+>>> print(age)
+25
+>>>
+```
+
+错误类型是*NameError*。我们通过定义变量名调试了错误。
+
+### IndexError
+
+**示例 1: IndexError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+>>> numbers[5]
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+IndexError: list index out of range
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，Python 引发了 IndexError，因为列表只有 0 到 4 的索引，因此超出了范围。
+
+### ModuleNotFoundError
+
+**示例 1: ModuleNotFoundError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，我故意在 math 后面多加了一个 s，所以引发了*ModuleNotFoundError*。让我们通过去掉多余的 s 来修复它。
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>>
+```
+
+我们修复了它，让我们使用 math 模块中的一些函数。
+
+### AttributeError
+
+**示例 1: AttributeError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (最
+澘會末呼つはゃす尽ﾙル귀행세뿌府ぐ
+<|vq_10375|>  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>> math.PI
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，我又犯了一个错误！我试图从 math 模块调用 PI 函数，但实际上它是 pi。它引发了属性错误，意味着该函数在模块中不存在。让我们通过将 PI 改为 pi 来修复它。
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> import maths
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'maths'
+>>> import math
+>>> math.PI
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+AttributeError: module 'math' has no attribute 'PI'
+>>> math.pi
+3.141592653589793
+>>>
+```
+
+现在，当我们从 math 模块调用 pi 时得到了结果。
+
+### KeyError
+
+**示例 1: KeyError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> users = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
+>>> users['name']
+'Asab'
+>>> users['county']
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+KeyError: 'county'
+>>>
+```
+
+如你所见，用于获取字典值的键存在拼写错误。这是一个 key error，修复非常简单。让我们做一下！
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> user = {'name':'Asab', 'age':250, 'country':'Finland'}
+>>> user['name']
+'Asab'
+>>> user['county']
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+KeyError: 'county'
+>>> user['country']
+'Finland'
+>>>
+```
+
+我们调试了错误，代码运行并获取了值。
+
+### TypeError
+
+**示例 1: TypeError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 4 + '3'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
+>>>
+```
+
+在上面的例子中，引发了 TypeError，因为我们不能将数字和字符串相加。第一个解决方法是将字符串转换为 int 或 float。另一种解决方法是将数字转换为字符串（结果将是'43'）。让我们跟随第一种解决方案。
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 4 + '3'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
+>>> 4 + int('3')
+7
+>>> 4 + float('3')
+7.0
+>>>
+```
+
+错误消除，我们得到了期望的结果。
+
+### ImportError
+
+**示例 1: TypeError**
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> from math import power
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
+>>>
+```
+
+数学模块中没有函数叫做 power，它是以另一个名字存在: _pow_。让我们纠正它：
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> from math import power
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ImportError: cannot import name 'power' from 'math'
+>>> from math import pow
+>>> pow(2,3)
+8.0
+>>>
+```
+
+### ValueError
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> int('12a')
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12a'
+>>>
+```
+
+在这种情况下，我们无法将给定字符串更改为数字，因为它包含了'a'字母。
+
+### ZeroDivisionError
+
+```py
+asabeneh@Asabeneh:~$ python
+Python 3.9.6 (default, Jun 28 2021, 15:26:21)
+[Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)] on darwin
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>> 1/0
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
+>>>
+```
+
+我们不能将一个数除以零。
+
+我们已经涵盖了一些 Python 错误类型，如果你想了解更多，请查看 Python 文档中的 Python 错误类型。
+如果你能够很好地阅读错误类型，你将能够快速修复你的 bug，并且你也会成为一个更优秀的程序员。
+
+🌕 你正在不断进步。你已经走到了通往卓越的半程。现在来一些锻炼大脑和肌肉的练习吧。
+
+## 💻 练习: 第 15 天
+
+1. 打开你 Python 的交互式 Shell，尝试本节中涵盖的所有示例。
+
+🎉 恭喜！ 🎉
+
+[<< 第 14 天](../14_Day_Higher_order_functions/14_higher_order_functions.md) | [第 16 天 >>](../16_Day_Python_date_time/16_python_datetime.md)