Updated all str.format(…) to f-strings

This revamps the PR #984

UPGRADE-v2.0.md

@@ -377,10 +377,7 @@ class Base(ObjectType):
     id = ID()
 
     def resolve_id(root, info):
-        return "{type}_{id}".format(
-            type=root.__class__.__name__,
-            id=root.id
-        )
+        return f"{root.__class__.__name__}_{root.id}"
 ```
 
 ### UUID Scalar

docs/execution/middleware.rst

@@ -55,12 +55,9 @@ logs the time it takes to resolve each field
     def timing_middleware(next, root, info, **args):
         start = timer()
         return_value = next(root, info, **args)
-        duration = timer() - start
-        logger.debug("{parent_type}.{field_name}: {duration} ms".format(
-            parent_type=root._meta.name if root and hasattr(root, '_meta') else '',
-            field_name=info.field_name,
-            duration=round(duration * 1000, 2)
-        ))
+        duration = round((timer() - start) * 1000, 2)
+        parent_type_name = root._meta.name if root and hasattr(root, '_meta') else ''
+        logger.debug(f"{parent_type_name}.{info.field_name}: {duration} ms")
         return return_value
 
 

docs/relay/nodes.rst

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Example of a custom node:
 
         @staticmethod
         def to_global_id(type, id):
-            return '{}:{}'.format(type, id)
+            return f"{type}:{id}"
 
         @staticmethod
         def get_node_from_global_id(info, global_id, only_type=None):

docs/types/objecttypes.rst

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ A field can use a custom resolver from outside the class:
     from graphene import ObjectType, String
 
     def resolve_full_name(person, info):
-        return '{} {}'.format(person.first_name, person.last_name)
+        return f"{person.first_name} {person.last_name}"
 
     class Person(ObjectType):
         first_name = String()

examples/complex_example.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class GeoInput(graphene.InputObjectType):
 
     @property
     def latlng(self):
-        return "({},{})".format(self.lat, self.lng)
+        return f"({self.lat},{self.lng})"
 
 
 class Address(graphene.ObjectType):

graphene/relay/connection.py

@@ -63,16 +63,14 @@ class Meta:
     @classmethod
     def __init_subclass_with_meta__(cls, node=None, name=None, **options):
         _meta = ConnectionOptions(cls)
-        assert node, "You have to provide a node in {}.Meta".format(cls.__name__)
+        assert node, f"You have to provide a node in {cls.__name__}.Meta"
         assert isinstance(node, NonNull) or issubclass(
             node, (Scalar, Enum, ObjectType, Interface, Union, NonNull)
-        ), ('Received incompatible node "{}" for Connection {}.').format(
-            node, cls.__name__
-        )
+        ), (f"Received incompatible node \"{node}\" for Connection {cls.__name__}.")
 
         base_name = re.sub("Connection$", "", name or cls.__name__) or node._meta.name
         if not name:
-            name = "{}Connection".format(base_name)
+            name = f"{base_name}Connection"
 
         edge_class = getattr(cls, "Edge", None)
         _node = node
@@ -82,11 +80,9 @@ class EdgeBase:
             cursor = String(required=True, description="A cursor for use in pagination")
 
         class EdgeMeta:
-            description = "A Relay edge containing a `{}` and its cursor.".format(
-                base_name
-            )
+            description = f"A Relay edge containing a `{base_name}` and its cursor."
 
-        edge_name = "{}Edge".format(base_name)
+        edge_name = f"{base_name}Edge"
         if edge_class:
             edge_bases = (edge_class, EdgeBase, ObjectType)
         else:
@@ -142,8 +138,8 @@ def type(self):
             )
 
         assert issubclass(connection_type, Connection), (
-            '{} type has to be a subclass of Connection. Received "{}".'
-        ).format(self.__class__.__name__, connection_type)
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__} type has to be a subclass of Connection. Received \"{connection_type}\"."
+        )
         return type
 
     @classmethod
@@ -152,9 +148,9 @@ def resolve_connection(cls, connection_type, args, resolved):
             return resolved
 
         assert isinstance(resolved, Iterable), (
-            "Resolved value from the connection field has to be an iterable or instance of {}. "
-            'Received "{}"'
-        ).format(connection_type, resolved)
+            f"Resolved value from the connection field has to be an iterable or instance of {connection_type}. "
+            f"Received \"{resolved}\""
+        )
         connection = connection_from_array(
             resolved,
             args,

graphene/relay/mutation.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def __init_subclass_with_meta__(
             input_fields = {}
 
         cls.Input = type(
-            "{}Input".format(base_name),
+            f"{base_name}Input",
             bases,
             dict(input_fields, client_mutation_id=String(name="clientMutationId")),
         )
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ def __init_subclass_with_meta__(
         mutate_and_get_payload = getattr(cls, "mutate_and_get_payload", None)
         if cls.mutate and cls.mutate.__func__ == ClientIDMutation.mutate.__func__:
             assert mutate_and_get_payload, (
-                "{name}.mutate_and_get_payload method is required"
+                f"{name or cls.__name__}.mutate_and_get_payload method is required"
                 " in a ClientIDMutation."
-            ).format(name=name or cls.__name__)
+            )
 
         if not name:
-            name = "{}Payload".format(base_name)
+            name = f"{base_name}Payload"
 
         super(ClientIDMutation, cls).__init_subclass_with_meta__(
             output=None, arguments=arguments, name=name, **options
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ def on_resolve(payload):
                 payload.client_mutation_id = input.get("client_mutation_id")
             except Exception:
                 raise Exception(
-                    ("Cannot set client_mutation_id in the payload object {}").format(
-                        repr(payload)
-                    )
+                    f"Cannot set client_mutation_id in the payload object {repr(payload)}"
                 )
             return payload
 

graphene/relay/node.py

@@ -93,33 +93,29 @@ def get_node_from_global_id(cls, info, global_id, only_type=None):
         except Exception as e:
             raise Exception(
                 (
-                    'Unable to parse global ID "{global_id}". '
+                    f"Unable to parse global ID \"{global_id}\". "
                     'Make sure it is a base64 encoded string in the format: "TypeName:id". '
-                    "Exception message: {exception}".format(
-                        global_id=global_id, exception=str(e)
-                    )
+                    f"Exception message: {str(e)}"
                 )
             )
 
         graphene_type = info.schema.get_type(_type)
         if graphene_type is None:
             raise Exception(
-                'Relay Node "{_type}" not found in schema'.format(_type=_type)
+                f"Relay Node \"{_type}\" not found in schema"
             )
 
         graphene_type = graphene_type.graphene_type
 
         if only_type:
-            assert graphene_type == only_type, ("Must receive a {} id.").format(
-                only_type._meta.name
+            assert graphene_type == only_type, (
+                f"Must receive a {only_type._meta.name} id."
             )
 
         # We make sure the ObjectType implements the "Node" interface
         if cls not in graphene_type._meta.interfaces:
             raise Exception(
-                'ObjectType "{_type}" does not implement the "{cls}" interface.'.format(
-                    _type=_type, cls=cls
-                )
+                f"ObjectType \"{_type}\" does not implement the \"{cls}\" interface."
             )
 
         get_node = getattr(graphene_type, "get_node", None)

graphene/relay/tests/test_connection_query.py

@@ -135,31 +135,31 @@ async def test_respects_an_overly_large_last():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after():
     await check(
-        'first: 2, after: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("B")), "CD", has_next_page=True
+        f'first: 2, after: \"{cursor_for("B")}\"', "CD", has_next_page=True
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_with_long_first():
-    await check('first: 10, after: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("B")), "CDE")
+    await check(f'first: 10, after: "{cursor_for("B")}"', "CDE")
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_before():
     await check(
-        'last: 2, before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("D")), "BC", has_previous_page=True
+        f'last: 2, before: "{cursor_for("D")}"', "BC", has_previous_page=True
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_before_with_long_last():
-    await check('last: 10, before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("D")), "ABC")
+    await check(f'last: 10, before: "{cursor_for("D")}"', "ABC")
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_few():
     await check(
-        'first: 2, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 2, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BC",
         has_next_page=True,
     )
@@ -168,23 +168,23 @@ async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_few():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_too_many():
     await check(
-        'first: 4, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 4, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_first_and_after_and_before_exactly_right():
     await check(
-        'first: 3, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'first: 3, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_few():
     await check(
-        'last: 2, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 2, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "CD",
         has_previous_page=True,
     )
@@ -193,15 +193,15 @@ async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_few():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_too_many():
     await check(
-        'last: 4, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 4, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BCD",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_respects_last_and_after_and_before_exactly_right():
     await check(
-        'last: 3, after: "{}", before: "{}"'.format(cursor_for("A"), cursor_for("E")),
+        f'last: 3, after: "{cursor_for("A")}", before: "{cursor_for("E")}"',
         "BCD",
     )
 
@@ -219,19 +219,15 @@ async def test_returns_all_elements_if_cursors_are_invalid():
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_returns_all_elements_if_cursors_are_on_the_outside():
     await check(
-        'before: "{}" after: "{}"'.format(
-            base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 6), base64("arrayconnection:%s" % -1)
-        ),
+        f'before: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 6)}" after: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % -1)}"',
         "ABCDE",
     )
 
 
 @mark.asyncio
 async def test_returns_no_elements_if_cursors_cross():
     await check(
-        'before: "{}" after: "{}"'.format(
-            base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 2), base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 4)
-        ),
+        f'before: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 2)}" after: "{base64("arrayconnection:%s" % 4)}"',
         "",
     )
 

graphene/types/argument.py

@@ -94,18 +94,16 @@ def to_arguments(args, extra_args=None):
 
         if isinstance(arg, (InputField, Field)):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Expected {} to be Argument, but received {}. Try using Argument({}).".format(
-                    default_name, type(arg).__name__, arg.type
-                )
+                f"Expected {default_name} to be Argument, but received {type(arg).__name__}. Try using Argument({arg.type})."
             )
 
         if not isinstance(arg, Argument):
-            raise ValueError('Unknown argument "{}".'.format(default_name))
+            raise ValueError(f'Unknown argument "{default_name}".')
 
         arg_name = default_name or arg.name
         assert (
             arg_name not in arguments
-        ), 'More than one Argument have same name "{}".'.format(arg_name)
+        ), f'More than one Argument have same name "{arg_name}".'
         arguments[arg_name] = arg
 
     return arguments

graphene/types/base.py

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ def __setattr__(self, name, value):
         if not self._frozen:
             super(BaseOptions, self).__setattr__(name, value)
         else:
-            raise Exception("Can't modify frozen Options {}".format(self))
+            raise Exception(f"Can't modify frozen Options {self}")
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<{} name={}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, repr(self.name))
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} name={repr(self.name)}>"
 
 
 class BaseType(SubclassWithMeta):