Fix policy validation & improve speed by klauspost · Pull Request #261 · minio/pkg

klauspost · 2026-08-21T08:57:52Z

PR 1 — security

fix(policy,wildcard): bound wildcard matching and close two Deny-dropping paths

Three independent correctness bugs on the authorization path. No API changes.

1. `wildcard.Match` was exponential in the number of `*`

deepMatchRune recursed on both alternatives at every *, so its cost grew exponentially with the star count. The pattern is caller-supplied — statement validation classifies every action against every namespace, and Resource.Match runs untrusted patterns — so a tiny document could consume unbounded CPU:

input	before	after
`ParseConfig`, action `"*********x"`	59.3 s	< 1 ms
`ParseBucketPolicyConfig`, same action	18.8 s	< 1 ms
`AdminAction.IsValid`, 8 stars	4.5 s	< 1 ms

Scaling was ~4x per added star: 6 stars 165 ms, 8 stars 4.5 s, 10 stars > 100 s. MatchSimple was equally affected, and it backs bucket-policy principal matching and CORS origin matching.

Replaced with the standard greedy two-pointer matcher: one backtrack point, no recursion, no allocation, O(n*m) worst case.

MatchSimple's documented "a trailing ? is optional" behaviour does not survive greedy backtracking — a first attempt that folded it into the matcher diverged on MatchSimple("*?*a", "a"). It is now expressed explicitly in MatchSimple: if the pattern does not match outright, any prefix of it ending at a ? that consumes the whole name also matches. The matcher itself is now plain glob semantics with no mode flag.

2. `Statement.hash` omitted `NotResources`

dropDuplicateStatements switches to hashing above 10 statements. Two statements differing only in NotResource hashed identically, so one was discarded at parse time. When those are Deny statements, a restriction silently disappears from a policy that was written correctly.

Reproduced: an 11-statement policy carrying two distinct Deny ... NotResource statements loses one; the same policy with 4 statements (below the threshold, exact-comparison path) keeps both.

3. `HasDenyStatement` trusted a field that struct-literal policies never set

hasDeny is only assigned in updateActionIndex, which runs from UnmarshalJSON and MergePolicies. A Policy built as a struct literal never reaches it — including this package's own readonly and consolereadonly defaults in constants.go, both of which carry Deny admin:CreateUser. HasDenyStatement() reported false for them.

That matters to callers that use the answer to route policies: AIStor sorts them into a "no deny statements" bucket, evaluates that bucket with an early return on the first Allow, and never reaches the Deny. A principal holding readonly plus any policy allowing admin:CreateUser was granted admin:CreateUser.

HasDenyStatement now falls back to scanning statements. It runs once per policy per merge, not per request.

Compatibility

Fix 2 changes which statements survive parsing. A policy that was accidentally relying on the collapse regains a Deny, so a request that previously succeeded may start returning 403. That is the intended direction, but it belongs in release notes.

Fixes 1 and 3 are behaviour-preserving for any correctly-built input.

Testing

wildcard/match_equivalence_test.go keeps the previous recursive matcher as a reference implementation and diffs against it: 254,512 exhaustive pattern/name/mode combinations (patterns over {a,b,*,?} to length 5, {a,:,/} names) plus a differential fuzz target. 101M fuzz executions, no divergence.
TestMatchStarsAreLinear fails if a single Match with 8/16/64/256 stars, or 32 interleaved *a pairs, exceeds 50 ms.
policy/parse_dos_test.go asserts ParseConfig and ParseBucketPolicyConfig stay under 2 s for star-heavy actions.
TestDropDuplicateStatementsKeepsNotResources covers both the exact-comparison and hashed paths.
TestHasDenyStatementOnStructLiteralPolicy walks the built-in defaults.

go test ./... is green.

PR 2 — performance

perf(policy): cut authorization cost for large policy collections

A production profile of a 24-node cluster found 61–73% of all CPU on client-facing nodes inside Policy.Decide, and 51–61% in AdminAction.IsValid alone. The credential resolved to more than 4000 policies. Six changes, no API changes, no behaviour changes.

`AdminAction.IsValid` / `HasResource` — O(1) fast path

Both scanned their whole action map calling wildcard.Match per entry, with the receiver as the pattern. Statement.isAdmin calls IsValid for every action of every statement it evaluates, so a pure-S3 statement paid len(Actions) x 101 wildcard matches to learn nothing.

Now: exact map lookup; then bail if the pattern holds no metacharacter (a literal can only match by being in the map); then bail if the literal head before the first metacharacter is prefix-incompatible with admin:.

	before	after
`isAdmin`, 1 action	690 ns	34.9 ns
`isAdmin`, 3 actions	2012 ns	63.9 ns

The head comparison is bidirectional on purpose: adm* and a*d*m*i*n* are both valid admin patterns, so a plain strings.HasPrefix(head, "admin:") would be a silent authorization change.

`actionStatementIndex` was a pessimisation

Decide consulted the index and then — hit or miss — fell through to an unconditional walk of every statement, re-evaluating everything the index had just evaluated. The index only ever helped when an indexed statement allowed. The walk now skips the positions the index already tried (indexes is ascending, and isAllowedFor is pure).

One classification pass instead of five, cached at parse time

IsAllowedPtr called isTable, isKMS, isSTS, isAdmin and hasAdminResource, each ranging over the action set separately — four map-iterator setups per statement per authorization. Collapsed into one classify() pass, and cached on the statement by updateActionIndex.

The cached field's zero value means "not computed — derive it now", not "no namespace". A statement built as a struct literal, or cloned, is therefore slower rather than wrong, and Statement.Clone deliberately does not copy it. classify is a pure function of Statement.Actions, which nothing mutates after parse — the same invariant actionStatementIndex already relies on.

The request resource string is built once per request

IsAllowedPtr rendered BucketName/ObjectName into a pooled buffer and then called Buffer.String() — which copies — once or twice per statement. A memory profile of one authorization over 156 policies of 20 statements put 92.5% of all allocations on that one line: 1561 allocations and 75 KB of garbage per authorization.

It depends only on the request, so it is now memoized on Args and passed to every statement. Args carries the fields it was built from, so a caller reusing an Args for a second object cannot read a stale value.

Note: one *Args must not be shared across goroutines within a single evaluation. IsAllowedPar did share one; it now gives each worker its own copy.

Measured

go test ./policy/ -run XXX -bench 'BenchmarkIsAllowed|BenchmarkSerialEvalVsParEval' -benchmem, on an idle 32-thread box:

benchmark	before	after
`IsAllowed/SingleStatementAllow`	1811 ns	127 ns	14.3x
`IsAllowed/DenyRule`	2737 ns	224 ns	12.2x
`IsAllowed/WildcardMatching`	919 ns	121 ns	7.6x
`IsAllowed/MultipleStatements`	6054 ns	4069 ns	1.5x
`SerialEvalVsParEval/128p` serial	1.62 ms	252 us	6.4x
`SerialEvalVsParEval/1024p` serial	12.6 ms	2.07 ms	6.1x

MultipleStatements gains least because its statements have non-matching action sets, so Actions.Match short-circuits before classification runs. SerialEvalVsParEval builds policies as struct literals and never calls updateActionIndex, so it does not exercise the cached classification and understates the result — measured through ParseConfig, as a server loads policies, the same shape at 4000 policies goes from 66.1 ms to 660 us per authorization with allocations dropping from 88,888 to 1.

Allocation caveat: benchmarks with short bucket+key strings previously stack-allocated the per-statement copy and report 0 -> 1 allocs/op. Anything with a realistic object key allocated once per statement before and once per request now.

Testing

policy/admin-action_test.go (new): trap table for the fast path ("*" -> true, "a*d*m*i*n*" -> true, "admin:heal" ->
false, "s3:*" -> false, ...), the same for HasResource, an equivalence check against the previous linear scan over 964
patterns, and a differential fuzz target.
TestAdminActionNamespacePrefix pins the invariant the fast path rests on — every SupportedAdminActions key starts with admin:. Nothing enforced this before, and the analogous s3: invariant is already broken by s3express:CreateSession in SupportedActions, so it can rot into an authorization change.
TestDecideReachesDenyOnlyAndIsOwnerWithNoStatements: Decide's DenyOnly and IsOwner returns sit below the deny loop, so a policy with nothing to match must still reach them. An earlier draft of this change added an early return for the empty case and silently turned both from allow into deny. Any future work narrowing which statements Decide walks needs this test.

Summary by CodeRabbit

Performance
- Improved policy authorization speed through more efficient resource and action evaluation.
- Accelerated wildcard matching, including complex patterns with many wildcards.
- Reduced delays when processing complex policy action patterns.
Bug Fixes
- Improved handling of deny statements, empty policies, and policy updates.
- Preserved distinct policy statements with different excluded resources.
- Improved consistency when policies are re-evaluated.
Tests
- Added coverage for authorization decisions, action validation, wildcard matching, and performance safeguards.

PR 1 — security ## fix(policy,wildcard): bound wildcard matching and close two Deny-dropping paths Three independent correctness bugs on the authorization path. No API changes. ### 1. `wildcard.Match` was exponential in the number of `*` `deepMatchRune` recursed on both alternatives at every `*`, so its cost grew exponentially with the star count. The pattern is caller-supplied — statement validation classifies every action against every namespace, and `Resource.Match` runs untrusted patterns — so a tiny document could consume unbounded CPU: | input | before | after | | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------- | ------ | | `ParseConfig`, action `"*********x"` | 59.3 s | < 1 ms | | `ParseBucketPolicyConfig`, same action | 18.8 s | < 1 ms | | `AdminAction.IsValid`, 8 stars | 4.5 s | < 1 ms | Scaling was ~4x per added star: 6 stars 165 ms, 8 stars 4.5 s, 10 stars > 100 s. `MatchSimple` was equally affected, and it backs bucket-policy principal matching and CORS origin matching. Replaced with the standard greedy two-pointer matcher: one backtrack point, no recursion, no allocation, O(n*m) worst case. `MatchSimple`'s documented "a trailing `?` is optional" behaviour does not survive greedy backtracking — a first attempt that folded it into the matcher diverged on `MatchSimple("*?*a", "a")`. It is now expressed explicitly in `MatchSimple`: if the pattern does not match outright, any prefix of it ending at a `?` that consumes the whole name also matches. The matcher itself is now plain glob semantics with no mode flag. ### 2. `Statement.hash` omitted `NotResources` `dropDuplicateStatements` switches to hashing above 10 statements. Two statements differing *only* in `NotResource` hashed identically, so one was discarded at parse time. When those are `Deny` statements, a restriction silently disappears from a policy that was written correctly. Reproduced: an 11-statement policy carrying two distinct `Deny ... NotResource` statements loses one; the same policy with 4 statements (below the threshold, exact-comparison path) keeps both. ### 3. `HasDenyStatement` trusted a field that struct-literal policies never set `hasDeny` is only assigned in `updateActionIndex`, which runs from `UnmarshalJSON` and `MergePolicies`. A `Policy` built as a struct literal never reaches it — including this package's own `readonly` and `consolereadonly` defaults in `constants.go`, both of which carry `Deny admin:CreateUser`. `HasDenyStatement()` reported `false` for them. That matters to callers that use the answer to route policies: AIStor sorts them into a "no deny statements" bucket, evaluates that bucket with an early return on the first `Allow`, and never reaches the `Deny`. A principal holding `readonly` plus any policy allowing `admin:CreateUser` was granted `admin:CreateUser`. `HasDenyStatement` now falls back to scanning statements. It runs once per policy per merge, not per request. ### Compatibility Fix 2 changes which statements survive parsing. A policy that was accidentally relying on the collapse regains a `Deny`, so a request that previously succeeded may start returning 403. That is the intended direction, but it belongs in release notes. Fixes 1 and 3 are behaviour-preserving for any correctly-built input. ### Testing - `wildcard/match_equivalence_test.go` keeps the previous recursive matcher as a reference implementation and diffs against it: 254,512 exhaustive pattern/name/mode combinations (patterns over `{a,b,*,?}` to length 5, `{a,:,/}` names) plus a differential fuzz target. 101M fuzz executions, no divergence. - `TestMatchStarsAreLinear` fails if a single `Match` with 8/16/64/256 stars, or 32 interleaved `*a` pairs, exceeds 50 ms. - `policy/parse_dos_test.go` asserts `ParseConfig` and `ParseBucketPolicyConfig` stay under 2 s for star-heavy actions. - `TestDropDuplicateStatementsKeepsNotResources` covers both the exact-comparison and hashed paths. - `TestHasDenyStatementOnStructLiteralPolicy` walks the built-in defaults. `go test ./...` is green. PR 2 — performance ## perf(policy): cut authorization cost for large policy collections A production profile of a 24-node cluster found 61–73% of all CPU on client-facing nodes inside `Policy.Decide`, and 51–61% in `AdminAction.IsValid` alone. The credential resolved to more than 4000 policies. Six changes, no API changes, no behaviour changes. ### `AdminAction.IsValid` / `HasResource` — O(1) fast path Both scanned their whole action map calling `wildcard.Match` per entry, with the receiver as the pattern. `Statement.isAdmin` calls `IsValid` for every action of every statement it evaluates, so a pure-S3 statement paid `len(Actions) x 101` wildcard matches to learn nothing. Now: exact map lookup; then bail if the pattern holds no metacharacter (a literal can only match by being in the map); then bail if the literal head before the first metacharacter is prefix-incompatible with `admin:`. | | before | after | | ---------------------- | ------- | ------- | | `isAdmin`, 1 action | 690 ns | 34.9 ns | | `isAdmin`, 3 actions | 2012 ns | 63.9 ns | The head comparison is bidirectional on purpose: `adm*` and `a*d*m*i*n*` are both valid admin patterns, so a plain `strings.HasPrefix(head, "admin:")` would be a silent authorization change. ### `actionStatementIndex` was a pessimisation `Decide` consulted the index and then — hit or miss — fell through to an unconditional walk of every statement, re-evaluating everything the index had just evaluated. The index only ever helped when an indexed statement allowed. The walk now skips the positions the index already tried (`indexes` is ascending, and `isAllowedFor` is pure). ### One classification pass instead of five, cached at parse time `IsAllowedPtr` called `isTable`, `isKMS`, `isSTS`, `isAdmin` and `hasAdminResource`, each ranging over the action set separately — four map-iterator setups per statement per authorization. Collapsed into one `classify()` pass, and cached on the statement by `updateActionIndex`. The cached field's zero value means "not computed — derive it now", not "no namespace". A statement built as a struct literal, or cloned, is therefore slower rather than wrong, and `Statement.Clone` deliberately does not copy it. `classify` is a pure function of `Statement.Actions`, which nothing mutates after parse — the same invariant `actionStatementIndex` already relies on. ### The request resource string is built once per request `IsAllowedPtr` rendered `BucketName`/`ObjectName` into a pooled buffer and then called `Buffer.String()` — which copies — once or twice *per statement*. A memory profile of one authorization over 156 policies of 20 statements put 92.5% of all allocations on that one line: 1561 allocations and 75 KB of garbage per authorization. It depends only on the request, so it is now memoized on `Args` and passed to every statement. `Args` carries the fields it was built from, so a caller reusing an `Args` for a second object cannot read a stale value. Note: one `*Args` must not be shared across goroutines within a single evaluation. `IsAllowedPar` did share one; it now gives each worker its own copy. ### Measured `go test ./policy/ -run XXX -bench 'BenchmarkIsAllowed|BenchmarkSerialEvalVsParEval' -benchmem`, on an idle 32-thread box: | benchmark | before | after | | | ------------------------------------ | -------- | -------- | ----- | | `IsAllowed/SingleStatementAllow` | 1811 ns | 127 ns | 14.3x | | `IsAllowed/DenyRule` | 2737 ns | 224 ns | 12.2x | | `IsAllowed/WildcardMatching` | 919 ns | 121 ns | 7.6x | | `IsAllowed/MultipleStatements` | 6054 ns | 4069 ns | 1.5x | | `SerialEvalVsParEval/128p` serial | 1.62 ms | 252 us | 6.4x | | `SerialEvalVsParEval/1024p` serial | 12.6 ms | 2.07 ms | 6.1x | `MultipleStatements` gains least because its statements have non-matching action sets, so `Actions.Match` short-circuits before classification runs. `SerialEvalVsParEval` builds policies as struct literals and never calls `updateActionIndex`, so it does not exercise the cached classification and understates the result — measured through `ParseConfig`, as a server loads policies, the same shape at 4000 policies goes from 66.1 ms to 660 us per authorization with allocations dropping from 88,888 to 1. Allocation caveat: benchmarks with short bucket+key strings previously stack-allocated the per-statement copy and report 0 -> 1 allocs/op. Anything with a realistic object key allocated once per statement before and once per request now. ### Testing - `policy/admin-action_test.go` (new): trap table for the fast path (`"*"` -> true, `"a*d*m*i*n*"` -> true, `"admin:heal"` -> false, `"s3:*"` -> false, ...), the same for `HasResource`, an equivalence check against the previous linear scan over 964 patterns, and a differential fuzz target. - `TestAdminActionNamespacePrefix` pins the invariant the fast path rests on — every `SupportedAdminActions` key starts with `admin:`. Nothing enforced this before, and the analogous `s3:` invariant is *already* broken by `s3express:CreateSession` in `SupportedActions`, so it can rot into an authorization change. - `TestDecideReachesDenyOnlyAndIsOwnerWithNoStatements`: `Decide`'s `DenyOnly` and `IsOwner` returns sit below the deny loop, so a policy with nothing to match must still reach them. An earlier draft of this change added an early return for the empty case and silently turned both from allow into deny. Any future work narrowing which statements `Decide` walks needs this test.

coderabbitai · 2026-08-21T08:58:12Z

📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

The PR replaces recursive wildcard matching with iterative matching, adds admin-action prefix fast paths, caches statement and request-resource classification, reuses policy indexes during evaluation, and adds equivalence, fuzz, performance, and regression tests.

Changes

Policy matching and evaluation

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Iterative wildcard matching `wildcard/match.go`, `wildcard/match_equivalence_test.go`	Wildcard matching now uses iterative backtracking. Tests compare it with a recursive reference and measure star-heavy inputs.
Admin action classification and fast paths `policy/admin-action.go`, `policy/admin-action_test.go`, `policy/parse_dos_test.go`	`IsValid` and `HasResource` reject incompatible literals and filter wildcard prefixes before scanning supported actions. Tests cover equivalence, invariants, fuzz inputs, and star-heavy parser inputs.
Statement classification and resource matching `policy/statement.go`	Statements cache action namespaces. Authorization reuses request resources and classification results for resource, table, KMS, and STS checks. Statement hashes include `NotResources`.
Policy evaluation and regressions `policy/constants.go`, `policy/policy.go`, `policy/policy_regression_test.go`	Canned policies initialize action indexes. Policy evaluation reuses resources, isolates worker arguments, avoids duplicate indexed scans, restores deny detection fallback, and covers reindexing and fallthrough behavior.

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~60 minutes

Merge Risk: 🟠 High · up to c4b81

The PR improves policy matching and authorization performance, but the current head still has a concurrent request-state race, stale authorization classification risks, a remaining denial-of-service pattern in wildcard matching, and build failures from static analysis. These issues can cause incorrect authorization, excessive CPU use, or prevent successful builds, so the PR is not ready to merge until they are addressed.

Sequence Diagram(s)

sequenceDiagram
  participant Policy.Decide
  participant Args
  participant Statement.IsAllowedPtr
  participant wildcard.Match

  Policy.Decide->>Args: Build request resource once
  Policy.Decide->>Statement.IsAllowedPtr: Evaluate policy statement
  Statement.IsAllowedPtr->>wildcard.Match: Match action and resource patterns
  wildcard.Match-->>Statement.IsAllowedPtr: Return match result
  Statement.IsAllowedPtr-->>Policy.Decide: Return statement decision
  Policy.Decide-->>Args: Return final policy decision

Suggested reviewers: donatello, harshavardhana

Poem

A rabbit checks each starry trail,
Iterative hops will not fail.
Actions find their proper gate,
Cached resources guide the state.
Tests guard every matching way—
Hop through safer code today!

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 5

✅ Passed checks (5 passed)

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Docstring Coverage	✅ Passed	Docstring check was indeterminate for this PR — some files could not be analyzed in time. Not blocking.
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Out of Scope Changes check	✅ Passed	Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Description Check	✅ Passed	Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check	✅ Passed	The title accurately summarizes the pull request's policy correctness fixes and performance improvements.

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coderabbitai · 2026-08-21T12:46:09Z

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@klauspost Thanks for the detailed analysis.

The cache preserves important request-path performance. The alternatives described would either retain the fail-open case or change existing authorization behavior.

Policy.Reindex() provides the explicit cache-refresh operation after mutation. This PR documents the caller-managed contract. I will not request further changes to updateActionIndex in this PR.

🐇📝

✏️ Learnings added

Learnt from: klauspost
URL: https://github.com/minio/pkg/pull/261

Timestamp: 2026-08-21T12:45:49.859Z
Learning: In the Go `policy` package, `Statement.Actions` remains exported for API compatibility. After a caller mutates `Statement.Actions` on a parsed or indexed `Policy`, the caller must call `Policy.Reindex()` or rebuild the policy to refresh derived action indexes and cached statement classification. The package intentionally retains cached classification because always recomputing it on the authorization request path causes material benchmark regressions and can alter legacy mixed-namespace and s3tables authorization behavior.

Note: Learnings are effective only in the context of similar code segments. To apply general coding guidelines, please configure review instructions. You can manage existing learnings in the app.

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klauspost · 2026-08-21T12:55:20Z

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coderabbitai · 2026-08-21T12:55:26Z

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taran-p

Functionality looks good, tested with a few scenarios and they all were correct with improved performance.

I ran this through a personal Claude skill I have that checks for "Claudisms" in doc comments (describing internal workings rather than external behavior, changelog-style doc comments, etc.). All requested changes are nit style preference to change at your discretion and non-blocking.

coderabbitai

Actionable comments posted: 2

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Inline comments:
In `@policy/policy.go`:
- Around line 121-122: Update the exported Policy type comment to begin with
“Policy” and retain the requirement that Reindex must be called after changing
Statements on an already parsed policy.

Apply the same fix in `@policy/policy.go` at line 140.

In `@policy/statement.go`:
- Line 228: Remove the implementation-description comment above computeClass,
leaving the function and surrounding code unchanged unless the comment documents
a necessary invariant.

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📒 Files selected for processing (4)

policy/admin-action.go
policy/policy.go
policy/statement.go
wildcard/match.go

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klauspost requested review from donatello, harshavardhana, rraulinio and taran-p August 21, 2026 08:57

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klauspost added 2 commits August 21, 2026 11:10

Merge branch 'main' into opt-fix-policy

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klauspost force-pushed the opt-fix-policy branch from fb860bb to 3c37103 Compare August 21, 2026 09:35

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Avoid quadratic ?

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Make explicit Reindex and update docs.

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Update internal docs

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fix(policy,wildcard): bound wildcard matching and close two Deny-dropping paths

1. wildcard.Match was exponential in the number of *

2. Statement.hash omitted NotResources

3. HasDenyStatement trusted a field that struct-literal policies never set

Compatibility

Testing

perf(policy): cut authorization cost for large policy collections

AdminAction.IsValid / HasResource — O(1) fast path

actionStatementIndex was a pessimisation

One classification pass instead of five, cached at parse time

The request resource string is built once per request

Measured

Testing

Summary by CodeRabbit

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Walkthrough

Changes

Sequence Diagram(s)

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klauspost commented Aug 21, 2026 •

edited by coderabbitai Bot

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1. `wildcard.Match` was exponential in the number of `*`

2. `Statement.hash` omitted `NotResources`

3. `HasDenyStatement` trusted a field that struct-literal policies never set

`AdminAction.IsValid` / `HasResource` — O(1) fast path

`actionStatementIndex` was a pessimisation

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