Add cached, named Visibility profiles

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
     - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
       with:
-        ruby-version: 2.7
+        ruby-version: 3.3
         bundler-cache: true
     - run: bundle exec rake rubocop
   system_tests:

guides/authorization/visibility.md

@@ -18,7 +18,16 @@ Here are some reasons you might want to hide parts of your schema:
 
 ## Hiding Parts of the Schema
 
-You can customize the visibility of parts of your schema by reimplementing various `visible?` methods:
+To start limiting visibility of your schema, add the plugin:
+
+```ruby
+class MySchema < GraphQL::Schema
+  # ...
+  use GraphQL::Schema::Visibility # see below for options
+end
+```
+
+Then, you can customize the visibility of parts of your schema by reimplementing various `visible?` methods:
 
 - Type classes have a `.visible?(context)` class method
 - Fields and arguments have a `#visible?(context)` instance method
@@ -30,6 +39,31 @@ These methods are called with the query context, based on the hash you pass as `
 - In introspection, the member will _not_ be included in the result
 - In normal queries, if a query references that member, it will return a validation error, since that member doesn't exist
 
+## Visibility Profiles
+
+You can use named profiles to cache your schema's visibility modes. For example:
+
+```ruby
+use GraphQL::Schema::Visibility, profiles: {
+  # mode_name => example_context_hash
+  public: { public: true },
+  beta: { public: true, beta: true },
+  internal_admin: { internal_admin: true }
+}
+```
+
+Then, you can run queries with `context[:visibility_profile]` equal to one of the pre-defined profiles. When you do, GraphQL-Ruby will use a precomputed set of types and fields for that query.
+
+### Preloading profiles
+
+By default, GraphQL-Ruby will preload all named visibility profiles when `Rails.env.production?` is present and true. You can manually set this option by passing `use ... preload: true` (or `false`). Enable preloading in production to reduce latency of the first request to each visibility profile. Disable preloading in development to speed up application boot.
+
+### Dynamic profiles
+
+When you provide named visibility profiles, `context[:visibility_profile]` is required for query execution. You can also permit dynamic visibility for queries which _don't_ have that key set by passing `use ..., dynamic: true`. You could use this to support backwards compatibility or when visibility calculations are too complex to predefine.
+
+When no named profiles are defined, all queries use dynamic visibility.
+
 ## Object Visibility
 
 Let's say you're working on a new feature which should remain secret for a while. You can implement `.visible?` in a type:
@@ -107,3 +141,26 @@ end
 ```
 
 For big schemas, this can be a worthwhile speed-up.
+
+## Migration Notes
+
+{% "GraphQL::Schema::Visibility" | api_doc %} is a _new_ implementation of visibility in GraphQL-Ruby. It has some slight differences from the previous implementation ({% "GraphQL::Schema::Warden" | api_doc %}):
+
+- `Visibility` speeds up Rails app boot because it doesn't require all types to be loaded during boot and only loads types as they are used by queries.
+- `Visibility` supports predefined, reusable visibility profiles which speeds up queries using complicated `visible?` checks.
+- `Visibility` hides types differently in a few edge cases:
+  - Previously, `Warden` hide interface and union types which had no possible types. `Visibility` doesn't check possible types (in order to support performance improvements), so those types must return `false` for `visible?` in the same cases where all possible types were hidden. Otherwise, that interface or union type will be visible but have no possible types.
+  - Some other thing, see TODO
+- When `Visibility` is used, several (Ruby-level) Schema introspection methods don't work because the caches they draw on haven't been calculated (`Schema.references_to`, `Schema.union_memberships`). If you're using these, please get in touch so that we can find a way forward.
+
+### Migration Mode
+
+You can use `use GraphQL::Schema::Visibility, ... migration_errors: true` to enable migration mode. In this mode, GraphQL-Ruby will make visibility checks with _both_ `Visibility` and `Warden` and compare the result, raising a descriptive error when the two systems return different results. As you migrate to `Visibility`, enable this mode in test to find any unexpected discrepancies.
+
+Sometimes, there's a discrepancy that is hard to resolve but doesn't make any _real_ difference in application behavior. To address these cases, you can use these flags in `context`:
+
+- `context[:visibility_migration_running] = true` is set in the main query context.
+- `context[:visibility_migration_warden_running] = true` is set in the _duplicate_ context which is passed to a `Warden` instance.
+- If you set `context[:skip_migration_error] = true`, then no migration error will be raised for that query.
+
+You can use these flags to conditionally handle edge cases that should be ignored in testing.

guides/schema/dynamic_types.md

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ desc: Using different schema members for each request
 index: 8
 ---
 
-You can use different versions of your GraphQL schema for each operation. To do this, implement `visible?(context)` on the parts of your schema that will be conditionally accessible. Additionally, many schema elements have definition methods which are called at runtime by GraphQL-Ruby. You can re-implement those to return any valid schema objects. GraphQL-Ruby caches schema elements for the duration of the operation, but if you're making external service calls to implement the methods below, consider adding a cache layer to improve the client experience and reduce load on your backend.
+You can use different versions of your GraphQL schema for each operation. To do this, add `use GraphQL::Schema::Visibility` and implement `visible?(context)` on the parts of your schema that will be conditionally accessible. Additionally, many schema elements have definition methods which are called at runtime by GraphQL-Ruby. You can re-implement those to return any valid schema objects.
+
+
+GraphQL-Ruby caches schema elements for the duration of the operation, but if you're making external service calls to implement the methods below, consider adding a cache layer to improve the client experience and reduce load on your backend.
 
 At runtime, ensure that only one object is visible per name (type name, field name, etc.). (If `.visible?(context)` returns `false`, then that part of the schema will be hidden for the current operation.)
 

lib/graphql/query.rb

@@ -95,21 +95,24 @@ def selected_operation_name
     # @param root_value [Object] the object used to resolve fields on the root type
     # @param max_depth [Numeric] the maximum number of nested selections allowed for this query (falls back to schema-level value)
     # @param max_complexity [Numeric] the maximum field complexity for this query (falls back to schema-level value)
-    def initialize(schema, query_string = nil, query: nil, document: nil, context: nil, variables: nil, validate: true, static_validator: nil, subscription_topic: nil, operation_name: nil, root_value: nil, max_depth: schema.max_depth, max_complexity: schema.max_complexity, warden: nil, use_schema_subset: nil)
+    # @param visibility_profile [Symbol]
+    def initialize(schema, query_string = nil, query: nil, document: nil, context: nil, variables: nil, validate: true, static_validator: nil, visibility_profile: nil, subscription_topic: nil, operation_name: nil, root_value: nil, max_depth: schema.max_depth, max_complexity: schema.max_complexity, warden: nil, use_visibility_profile: nil)
       # Even if `variables: nil` is passed, use an empty hash for simpler logic
       variables ||= {}
       @schema = schema
       @context = schema.context_class.new(query: self, values: context)
 
-      if use_schema_subset.nil?
-        use_schema_subset = warden ? false : schema.use_schema_visibility?
+      if use_visibility_profile.nil?
+        use_visibility_profile = warden ? false : schema.use_visibility_profile?
       end
 
-      if use_schema_subset
-        @schema_subset = @schema.subset_class.new(context: @context, schema: @schema)
+      @visibility_profile = visibility_profile
+
+      if use_visibility_profile
+        @visibility_profile = @schema.visibility.profile_for(@context, visibility_profile)
         @warden = Schema::Warden::NullWarden.new(context: @context, schema: @schema)
       else
-        @schema_subset = nil
+        @visibility_profile = nil
         @warden = warden
       end
 
@@ -187,6 +190,9 @@ def query_string
       @query_string ||= (document ? document.to_query_string : nil)
     end
 
+    # @return [Symbol, nil]
+    attr_reader :visibility_profile
+
     attr_accessor :multiplex
 
     # @return [GraphQL::Tracing::Trace]
@@ -343,10 +349,33 @@ def warden
       with_prepared_ast { @warden }
     end
 
-    def_delegators :warden, :get_type, :get_field, :possible_types, :root_type_for_operation
+    def get_type(type_name)
+      types.type(type_name) # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+    end
+
+    def get_field(owner, field_name)
+      types.field(owner, field_name) # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+    end
+
+    def possible_types(type)
+      types.possible_types(type) # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+    end
+
+    def root_type_for_operation(op_type)
+      case op_type
+      when "query"
+        types.query_root # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+      when "mutation"
+        types.mutation_root # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+      when "subscription"
+        types.subscription_root # rubocop:disable Development/ContextIsPassedCop
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "unexpected root type name: #{op_type.inspect}; expected 'query', 'mutation', or 'subscription'"
+      end
+    end
 
     def types
-      @schema_subset || warden.schema_subset
+      @visibility_profile || warden.visibility_profile
     end
 
     # @param abstract_type [GraphQL::UnionType, GraphQL::InterfaceType]

lib/graphql/query/null_context.rb

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def initialize
       end
 
       def types
-        @types ||= GraphQL::Schema::Warden::SchemaSubset.new(@warden)
+        @types ||= Schema::Warden::VisibilityProfile.new(@warden)
       end
     end
   end

lib/graphql/schema.rb

@@ -317,6 +317,9 @@ def static_validator
         GraphQL::StaticValidation::Validator.new(schema: self)
       end
 
+      # Add `plugin` to this schema
+      # @param plugin [#use] A Schema plugin
+      # @return void
       def use(plugin, **kwargs)
         if kwargs.any?
           plugin.use(self, **kwargs)
@@ -334,8 +337,9 @@ def plugins
       # @return [Hash<String => Class>] A dictionary of type classes by their GraphQL name
       # @see get_type Which is more efficient for finding _one type_ by name, because it doesn't merge hashes.
       def types(context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
-        if use_schema_visibility?
-          return Visibility::Subset.from_context(context, self).all_types_h
+        if use_visibility_profile?
+          types = Visibility::Profile.from_context(context, self)
+          return types.all_types_h
         end
         all_types = non_introspection_types.merge(introspection_system.types)
         visible_types = {}
@@ -362,17 +366,19 @@ def types(context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
       end
 
       # @param type_name [String]
+      # @param context [GraphQL::Query::Context] Used for filtering definitions at query-time
+      # @param use_visibility_profile Private, for migration to {Schema::Visibility}
       # @return [Module, nil] A type, or nil if there's no type called `type_name`
-      def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
-        if use_schema_visibility?
-          return Visibility::Subset.from_context(context, self).type(type_name)
+      def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance, use_visibility_profile = use_visibility_profile?)
+        if use_visibility_profile
+          return Visibility::Profile.from_context(context, self).type(type_name)
         end
         local_entry = own_types[type_name]
         type_defn = case local_entry
         when nil
           nil
         when Array
-          if context.respond_to?(:types) && context.types.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Visibility::Subset)
+          if context.respond_to?(:types) && context.types.is_a?(GraphQL::Schema::Visibility::Profile)
             local_entry
           else
             visible_t = nil
@@ -398,7 +404,7 @@ def get_type(type_name, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
 
         type_defn ||
           introspection_system.types[type_name] || # todo context-specific introspection?
-          (superclass.respond_to?(:get_type) ? superclass.get_type(type_name, context) : nil)
+          (superclass.respond_to?(:get_type) ? superclass.get_type(type_name, context, use_visibility_profile) : nil)
       end
 
       # @return [Boolean] Does this schema have _any_ definition for a type named `type_name`, regardless of visibility?
@@ -430,7 +436,7 @@ def query(new_query_object = nil, &lazy_load_block)
           if @query_object
             dup_defn = new_query_object || yield
             raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `query(...)` (#{dup_defn.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@query_object.inspect}"
-          elsif use_schema_visibility?
+          elsif use_visibility_profile?
             @query_object = block_given? ? lazy_load_block : new_query_object
           else
             @query_object = new_query_object || lazy_load_block.call
@@ -449,7 +455,7 @@ def mutation(new_mutation_object = nil, &lazy_load_block)
           if @mutation_object
             dup_defn = new_mutation_object || yield
             raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `mutation(...)` (#{dup_defn.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@mutation_object.inspect}"
-          elsif use_schema_visibility?
+          elsif use_visibility_profile?
             @mutation_object = block_given? ? lazy_load_block : new_mutation_object
           else
             @mutation_object = new_mutation_object || lazy_load_block.call
@@ -468,7 +474,7 @@ def subscription(new_subscription_object = nil, &lazy_load_block)
           if @subscription_object
             dup_defn = new_subscription_object || yield
             raise GraphQL::Error, "Second definition of `subscription(...)` (#{dup_defn.inspect}) is invalid, already configured with #{@subscription_object.inspect}"
-          elsif use_schema_visibility?
+          elsif use_visibility_profile?
             @subscription_object = block_given? ? lazy_load_block : new_subscription_object
             add_subscription_extension_if_necessary
           else
@@ -502,7 +508,7 @@ def root_type_for_operation(operation)
       end
 
       def root_types
-        if use_schema_visibility?
+        if use_visibility_profile?
           [query, mutation, subscription].compact
         else
           @root_types
@@ -521,37 +527,43 @@ def warden_class
 
       attr_writer :warden_class
 
-      def subset_class
-        if defined?(@subset_class)
-          @subset_class
-        elsif superclass.respond_to?(:subset_class)
-          superclass.subset_class
+      # @api private
+      def visibility_profile_class
+        if defined?(@visibility_profile_class)
+          @visibility_profile_class
+        elsif superclass.respond_to?(:visibility_profile_class)
+          superclass.visibility_profile_class
         else
-          GraphQL::Schema::Visibility::Subset
+          GraphQL::Schema::Visibility::Profile
         end
       end
 
-      attr_writer :subset_class, :use_schema_visibility, :visibility
-
-      def use_schema_visibility?
-        if defined?(@use_schema_visibility)
-          @use_schema_visibility
-        elsif superclass.respond_to?(:use_schema_visibility?)
-          superclass.use_schema_visibility?
+      # @api private
+      attr_writer :visibility_profile_class, :use_visibility_profile
+      # @api private
+      attr_accessor :visibility
+      # @api private
+      def use_visibility_profile?
+        if defined?(@use_visibility_profile)
+          @use_visibility_profile
+        elsif superclass.respond_to?(:use_visibility_profile?)
+          superclass.use_visibility_profile?
         else
           false
         end
       end
 
       # @param type [Module] The type definition whose possible types you want to see
+      # @param context [GraphQL::Query::Context] used for filtering visible possible types at runtime
+      # @param use_visibility_profile Private, for migration to {Schema::Visibility}
       # @return [Hash<String, Module>] All possible types, if no `type` is given.
       # @return [Array<Module>] Possible types for `type`, if it's given.
-      def possible_types(type = nil, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
-        if use_schema_visibility?
+      def possible_types(type = nil, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance, use_visibility_profile = use_visibility_profile?)
+        if use_visibility_profile
           if type
-            return Visibility::Subset.from_context(context, self).possible_types(type)
+            return Visibility::Profile.from_context(context, self).possible_types(type)
           else
-            raise "Schema.possible_types is not implemented for `use_schema_visibility?`"
+            raise "Schema.possible_types is not implemented for `use_visibility_profile?`"
           end
         end
         if type
@@ -571,7 +583,7 @@ def possible_types(type = nil, context = GraphQL::Query::NullContext.instance)
               introspection_system.possible_types[type] ||
               (
                 superclass.respond_to?(:possible_types) ?
-                  superclass.possible_types(type, context) :
+                  superclass.possible_types(type, context, use_visibility_profile) :
                   EMPTY_ARRAY
               )
           end
@@ -927,7 +939,7 @@ def orphan_types(*new_orphan_types)
               To add other types to your schema, you might want `extra_types`: https://graphql-ruby.org/schema/definition.html#extra-types
             ERR
           end
-          add_type_and_traverse(new_orphan_types, root: false) unless use_schema_visibility?
+          add_type_and_traverse(new_orphan_types, root: false) unless use_visibility_profile?
           own_orphan_types.concat(new_orphan_types.flatten)
         end
 
@@ -1069,6 +1081,11 @@ def inherited(child_class)
           child_class.own_trace_modes[name] = child_class.build_trace_mode(name)
         end
         child_class.singleton_class.prepend(ResolveTypeWithType)
+
+        if use_visibility_profile?
+          vis = self.visibility
+          child_class.visibility = vis.dup_for(child_class)
+        end
         super
       end
 
@@ -1186,7 +1203,7 @@ def directives(*new_directives)
       # @param new_directive [Class]
       # @return void
       def directive(new_directive)
-        if use_schema_visibility?
+        if use_visibility_profile?
           own_directives[new_directive.graphql_name] = new_directive
         else
           add_type_and_traverse(new_directive, root: false)

lib/graphql/schema/always_visible.rb

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module GraphQL
   class Schema
-    class AlwaysVisible
+    module AlwaysVisible
       def self.use(schema, **opts)
-        schema.warden_class = GraphQL::Schema::Warden::NullWarden
-        schema.subset_class = GraphQL::Schema::Warden::NullWarden::NullSubset
+        schema.extend(self)
+      end
+
+      def visible?(_member, _context)
+        true
       end
     end
   end

lib/graphql/schema/argument.rb

@@ -364,6 +364,7 @@ def load_and_authorize_value(load_method_owner, coerced_value, context)
 
       # @api private
       def validate_default_value
+        return unless default_value?
         coerced_default_value = begin
           # This is weird, but we should accept single-item default values for list-type arguments.
           # If we used `coerce_isolated_input` below, it would do this for us, but it's not really